Detecting Lung Cancer Stages Earlier By Appropriate Markers Rather Than Biopsy And Other Techniques

Abstract

Abstract Introduction/Objective Early detection of lung cancer stages is deeply under consideration of scientists. By day, high rate of mortality might be caused by cancer of lung over the world. The biopsy is still the golden standard as a histological predictor to determine lung cancer worldwide. However, a biopsy has various complications and hardness especially in collecting tissue samples. Therefore, detecting appropriate tools to determine the early stages of lung cancer is urgently needed. Some biomarkers levels have been determined in patient’s serum. The correlation between studied biomarkers and lung cancer has been studied by current research to avoid biopsy and other techniques. Methods The various biomarkers such as (CEA, SCCA, CYFRA21-1, ProGRP, Prolactin and CKAP4) were measured and calculated in 379 infected cases with lung cancer. Also, the same parameters were determined in 113 healthy persons as controls. Alternative markers’ levels were determined by using ELISA technique. Noninvasive markers were approved by comparison with CT chest scan and Biopsy techniques. Results Our research has indicated that Some of the studied biomarkers such as cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4), pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) and Prolactin (PRL) have high sensitivity from 77.05% to 96.72% and accuracy from 89.71% to 97.79% as well as their cut off which approved the aim of this study. However, other indicators (CEA, SCCA and CYFRA21-1) have low sensitivity from 62.49 % to 87.31% and accuracy between 71.27 % and 88.43 %. Meanwhile, CT scan has high sensitivity around 83% with specificity about 71%. Conclusion Alternative biomarkers (CEA, SCCA, CYFRA21-1, ProGRP, Prolactin and CKAP4) are considered as prospective markers to differentiate healthy individuals from lung cancer disease by their significant results in early stages detection. Thence, if serum CEA, SCCA, CYFRA21-1, ProGRP, Prolactin and CKAP4 are measured together, it would be the precise criterion of early levels of lung cancer rather than the lung biopsy definitely. However, further researches are needed to prove more reliable noninvasive markers of lung cancer.