Characterizing the role of informal payments in the delivery of pathology and clinical laboratory services

Abstract

Abstract Objectives Informal payments (IPs) are unofficial cash or in-kind payments for goods or services that should be covered by the health care system. They are a common but regressive method of financing health care in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aims to characterize the prevalence and impact of IPs on pathology and laboratory medicine (PALM) services. Methods From September 2021 to September 2022, PALM staff were surveyed about the frequency, determinants, and impacts of IPs in their respective workplaces. Results In total, 268 responses were received, and 46.6% (125/268) reported experience with IPs. These 125 participants were more likely to work in the public sector and in LMICs. Approximately 65% reported accepting IPs to perform tests or release results. Obtaining faster results was the most commonly perceived reason for patients offering IPs. Overall, participants reported that IPs had more negative than positive impacts on their workplace. Conclusions This represents a first step in characterizing IPs within PALM and how this practice may affect access to these services in LMICs. Specifically, the fact that faster turnaround time was the most frequently perceived reason for offering IPs uncovers a potential barrier to improving PALM capacity in these regions.