Habitat and vertical stratification affect capture of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and biological control of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug

Abstract

Abstract Spatiotemporal distribution of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and their natural enemies across farmscapes has been studied in more detail recently. However, the impact of plant height on vertical stratification of stink bugs and their natural enemies is rarely addressed across these diverse habitats. In this study, we examined capture of native stink bugs, the invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål)(Hemiptera:Pentatomidae), and a predaceous wasp, Astata occidentalis Cresson (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in pheromone-baited traps, in 2 habitats, woodlands of mostly deciduous trees mixed with some conifers and pecan orchards, in addition to their vertical stratification (0–13.7 m) at increasing heights. Furthermore, the effects of canopy height and habitat on H. halys egg mass predation and parasitism were evaluated. Adult H. halys were abundant in both habitats, but more nymphs were captured in pecan orchards. The same pattern was found for adult Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae), Thyanta custator McAtee (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae), and A. occidentalis. In contrast, adult E. tristigmus (Say) (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae) and Chinavia hilaris (Say) (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae) were more abundant in woodlands. More nymphal H. halys and adults of E. servus, T. custator, and A. occidentalis were captured in ground traps than canopy traps in pecan. More adult and nymphal H. halys were captured at varying heights in the woodland canopy compared to near the ground as were adult E. tristigmus and C. hilaris. Both parasitism and predation occurred in woodland and pecan canopies. However, in one test we found that parasitism of H. halys egg masses occurred more often in the upper tree canopy, and more parasitism was detected in woodland than orchard habitat. In 2 tests, predation was higher in woodlands than pecan orchards. These results will aid in optimizing conservation biological control tactics in these habitats.