Binary planet formation through tides

Abstract

ABSTRACT The search for satellites around exoplanets represents one of the greatest challenges in advancing the characterization of planetary systems. Currently, we can only detect massive satellites, which resemble additional planetary companions rather than rocky moons. It is not yet well understood whether such substellar pairs, known as binary planets, are common or how they form. In this study, we investigated the formation scenario for binary planets resulting from tidal dissipation during close encounters in the gravitational instability scenario. We conducted seven sets of simulations, varying the number of initial planets injected into the system from two to five, as well as the amount of energy lost due to tides. Our results demonstrate that this formation mechanism is quite efficient in producing binary planets, with an average occurrence rate for the simulated systems of 14.3 per cent. Additionally, we present the distribution of relevant physical parameters (semimajor axis, eccentricity, mass ratios, and formation time) for planet–planet pairs. We also provide comprehensive statistics for single planets and planet–planet pairs.