Modelling the galaxy radio continuum from star formation and active galactic nuclei in the Shark semi-analytic model

Abstract

ABSTRACT We present a model of radio continuum emission associated with star formation (SF) and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) implemented in the Shark semi-analytic model of galaxy formation. SF emission includes free-free and synchrotron emission, which depend on the free-electron density and the rate of core-collapse supernovae with a minor contribution from supernova remnants, respectively. AGN emission is modelled based on the jet production rate, which depends on the black hole mass, accretion rate, and spin, and includes synchrotron self-absorption. Shark reproduces radio luminosity functions (RLFs) at $1.4\, \rm GHz$ and $150\, \rm MHz$ for 0 ≤ z ≤ 4, and scaling relations between radio luminosity, star formation rate, and infrared luminosity of galaxies in the local and distant universe in good agreement with observations. The model also reproduces observed number counts of radio sources from 150 MHz to 8.4 GHz to within a factor of 2 on average, though larger discrepancies are seen at the very bright fluxes at higher frequencies. We use this model to understand how the radio continuum emission from radio-quiet AGNs can affect the measured RLFs of galaxies. We find current methods to exclude AGNs from observational samples result in large fractions of radio-quiet AGNs contaminating the ‘star-forming galaxies’ selection and a brighter end to the resulting RLFs.We investigate how this affects the infrared-radio correlation (IRRC) and show that AGN contamination can lead to evolution of the IRRC with redshift. Without this contamination, our model predicts a redshift- and stellar mass-independent IRRC, except at the dwarf-galaxy regime.