Preparing for low surface brightness science with the Vera C. Rubin Observatory: Characterization of tidal features from mock images-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Preparing for low surface brightness science with the Vera C. Rubin Observatory: Characterization of tidal features from mock images

Published:2022-04-11 Issue:1 Volume:513 Page:1459-1487
ISSN:0035-8711
Container-title:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
language:en
Short-container-title:

Author:

Martin G¹²^ORCID,Bazkiaei A E³⁴⁵,Spavone M⁶^ORCID,Iodice E⁶,Mihos J C⁷,Montes M⁸^ORCID,Benavides J A⁹¹⁰^ORCID,Brough S¹¹^ORCID,Carlin J L¹²,Collins C A¹³,Duc P A¹⁴,Gómez F A¹⁵¹⁶^ORCID,Galaz G¹⁷,Hernández-Toledo H M¹⁸,Jackson R A¹⁹^ORCID,Kaviraj S²⁰^ORCID,Knapen J H²¹²²,Martínez-Lombilla C¹¹^ORCID,McGee S²³,O’Ryan D²⁴,Prole D J³⁴,Rich R M²⁵^ORCID,Román J²¹²²^ORCID,Shah E A²⁶,Starkenburg T K²⁷,Watkins A E²⁰,Zaritsky D²^ORCID,Pichon C²⁸²⁹³⁰,Armus L³¹,Bianconi M²³^ORCID,Buitrago F³²³³^ORCID,Busá I³⁴^ORCID,Davis F²⁰^ORCID,Demarco R³⁵^ORCID,Desmons A¹¹,García P³⁶,Graham A W³⁷,Holwerda B³⁸^ORCID,Hon D S -H³⁷,Khalid A¹¹,Klehammer J¹⁴,Klutse D Y³⁹,Lazar I²⁰,Nair P⁴⁰,Noakes-Kettel E A²⁰,Rutkowski M⁴¹,Saha K⁴²,Sahu N³⁷⁴³,Sola E¹⁴,Vázquez-Mata J A¹⁸⁴⁴^ORCID,Vera-Casanova A¹⁶^ORCID,Yoon I⁴⁵^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , 776 Daedeokdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Korea

2. Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA

3. Research Centre for Astronomy, Astrophysics & Astrophotonics, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia

4. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia

5. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) , Australia

6. INAF-Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte , Salita Moiariello 16, I-80131 Naples, Italy

7. Department of Astronomy, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH 44106, USA

8. Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

9. Instituto de Astronomía Teórica y Experimental , CONICET-UNC, Laprida. 854, X5000BGR Córdoba, Argentina

10. Observatorio Astronómico de Córdoba, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Laprida 854, X5000BGR Córdoba, Argentina

11. School of Physics, University of New South Wales , NSW 2052, Australia

12. NSF’s NOIRLab/Rubin Observatory Project Office , 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA

13. Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , IC2, Liverpool Science Park, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK

14. Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (ObAS) , UMR 7550, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

15. Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinar en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena , Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile

16. Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de La Serena , Av. Juan Cisternas 1200 Norte, La Serena, Chile

17. Instituto de Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile

18. Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México A.P. 70-264, 04510 México, D.F., México

19. Department of Astronomy, Yonsei University Observatory, Yonsei University , Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea

20. Centre for Astrophysics Research, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK

21. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , Vía Láctea S/N, E-38205 La Laguna, Spain

22. Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , E-38206 La Laguna, Spain

23. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

24. Department of Physics, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK

25. Department of Physics and Astronomy , UCLA, PAB 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547, USA

26. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA

27. Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , 1800 Sherman Ave, Evanston, IL 60201, USA

28. Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UMPC Univ Paris 06 et CNRS , UMP 7095, 98 bis bd Arago, F-75014 Paris, France

29. School of Physics, Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS) , 85 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea

30. Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , Royal Observatory, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK

31. IPAC, California Institute of Technology , 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

32. Departamento de Física Teórica, Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid , E-47011 Valladolid, Spain

33. Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade de Lisboa, OAL , Tapada da Ajuda, P-T1349-018 Lisbon, Portugal

34. INAF - Catania Astrophysical Observatory , Via S. Sofia, 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy

35. Departamento de Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción , Concepción, Chile

36. Universidad Internacional de Valencia. Carrer del Pintor Sorolla 21 , E-46002 Valencia, Spain

37. Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia

38. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Louisville , Natural Science Building 102, Louisville, KY 40292, USA

39. Astrophysics Research Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Westville Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa

40. Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA

41. Minnesota State University , Mankato; Trafton North 141 Mankato, MN 56001, USA

42. Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics , Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India

43. OzGrav-Swinburne, Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology , Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia

44. Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria , CDMX 04510, México

45. National Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22033, USA

Abstract

ABSTRACT Tidal features in the outskirts of galaxies yield unique information about their past interactions and are a key prediction of the hierarchical structure formation paradigm. The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is poised to deliver deep observations for potentially millions of objects with visible tidal features, but the inference of galaxy interaction histories from such features is not straightforward. Utilizing automated techniques and human visual classification in conjunction with realistic mock images produced using the NewHorizon cosmological simulation, we investigate the nature, frequency, and visibility of tidal features and debris across a range of environments and stellar masses. In our simulated sample, around 80 per cent of the flux in the tidal features around Milky Way or greater mass galaxies is detected at the 10-yr depth of the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (30–31 mag arcsec−2), falling to 60 per cent assuming a shallower final depth of 29.5 mag arcsec−2. The fraction of total flux found in tidal features increases towards higher masses, rising to 10 per cent for the most massive objects in our sample (M⋆ ∼ 1011.5 M⊙). When observed at sufficient depth, such objects frequently exhibit many distinct tidal features with complex shapes. The interpretation and characterization of such features varies significantly with image depth and object orientation, introducing significant biases in their classification. Assuming the data reduction pipeline is properly optimized, we expect the Rubin Observatory to be capable of recovering much of the flux found in the outskirts of Milky Way mass galaxies, even at intermediate redshifts (z < 0.2).

Funder

CONICET

National Science Foundation

Science and Technology Research Council

LJMU

FONDECYT

Max Planck Society

Science and Technology Facilities Council

European Union

Horizon 2020

AEI

Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation