Bayesian jackknife tests with a small number of subsets: application to HERA 21 cm power spectrum upper limits-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Bayesian jackknife tests with a small number of subsets: application to HERA 21 cm power spectrum upper limits

Published:2022-11-29 Issue:4 Volume:518 Page:6041-6058
ISSN:0035-8711
Container-title:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
language:en
Short-container-title:

Author:

Wilensky Michael J¹²^ORCID,Kennedy Fraser²,Bull Philip¹²³,Dillon Joshua S⁴^ORCID,Abdurashidova Zara⁴,Adams Tyrone⁵,Aguirre James E⁶^ORCID,Alexander Paul⁷,Ali Zaki S⁴,Baartman Rushelle⁵,Balfour Yanga⁵,Beardsley Adam P⁸⁹,Bernardi Gianni⁵¹⁰¹¹,Billings Tashalee S⁶,Bowman Judd D⁸,Bradley Richard F¹²,Burba Jacob¹³^ORCID,Carey Steven⁷,Carilli Chris L¹⁴,Cheng Carina⁴,DeBoer David R¹⁵,de Lera Acedo Eloy⁷^ORCID,Dexter Matt¹⁵,Eksteen Nico⁵,Ely John⁷,Ewall-Wice Aaron⁴¹⁶^ORCID,Fagnoni Nicolas⁷^ORCID,Fritz Randall⁵,Furlanetto Steven R¹⁷^ORCID,Gale-Sides Kingsley⁷,Glendenning Brian¹⁸,Gorthi Deepthi⁴,Greig Bradley¹⁹^ORCID,Grobbelaar Jasper⁵,Halday Ziyaad⁵,Hazelton Bryna J²⁰²¹,Hewitt Jacqueline N²²²³,Hickish Jack¹⁵,Jacobs Daniel C⁸,Julius Austin⁵,Kariseb MacCalvin⁵,Kern Nicholas S⁴²³,Kerrigan Joshua¹³,Kittiwisit Piyanat³^ORCID,Kohn Saul A⁶^ORCID,Kolopanis Matthew⁸,Lanman Adam¹³^ORCID,La Plante Paul⁴⁶,Liu Adrian²⁴,Loots Anita⁵,MacMahon David Harold Edward¹⁵,Malan Lourence⁵,Malgas Cresshim⁵,Malgas Keith⁵,Marero Bradley⁵,Martinot Zachary E⁶,Mesinger Andrei²⁵^ORCID,Molewa Mathakane⁵,Morales Miguel F²⁰,Mosiane Tshegofalang⁵,Murray Steven G⁸^ORCID,Neben Abraham R²³,Nikolic Bojan⁷,Nuwegeld Hans⁵,Parsons Aaron R⁴,Patra Nipanjana⁴,Pieterse Samantha⁵,Razavi-Ghods Nima⁷,Robnett James¹⁴,Rosie Kathryn⁵,Sims Peter²⁴^ORCID,Swarts Hilton⁵,Thyagarajan Nithyanandan¹⁴²⁶^ORCID,van Wyngaarden Pieter⁵,Williams Peter K G²⁷²⁸^ORCID,Zheng Haoxuan²³^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, UK

2. Astronomy Unit, Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS, UK

3. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Cape , Cape Town 7535, South Africa

4. Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA

5. South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, Black River Park , 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa

6. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104-6396, USA

7. Cavendish Astrophysics, University of Cambridge , Cambridge Cavendish Astrophysics: CB3 OHE, UK

8. School of Earth and Space Exploration , Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA

9. Department of Physics, Winona State University , Winona, MN 55987, USA

10. INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia , via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy

11. Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University , PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa

12. National Radio Astronomy Observatory , Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA

13. Department of Physics, Brown University , Providence, RI 02096, USA

14. National Radio Astronomy Observatory , Socorro, NM 87801, USA

15. Radio Astronomy Lab, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA

16. Department of Physics, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA

17. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, CA 90095-1547, USA

18. National Radio Astronomy Observatory , Socorro, NM 87801-0387, USA

19. School of Physics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia

20. Department of Physics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA

21. eScience Institute, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA

22. MIT Kavli Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

23. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02142, USA

24. Department of Physics and McGill Space Institute, McGill University , 3600 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada

25. Scuola Normale Superiore , I-56126 Pisa, Italy

26. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) , Space & Astronomy, P. O. Box 1130, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

27. Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

28. American Astronomical Society , Washington, DC20006, USA

Abstract

ABSTRACT We present a Bayesian jackknife test for assessing the probability that a data set contains biased subsets, and, if so, which of the subsets are likely to be biased. The test can be used to assess the presence and likely source of statistical tension between different measurements of the same quantities in an automated manner. Under certain broadly applicable assumptions, the test is analytically tractable. We also provide an open-source code, chiborg, that performs both analytic and numerical computations of the test on general Gaussian-distributed data. After exploring the information theoretical aspects of the test and its performance with an array of simulations, we apply it to data from the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) to assess whether different sub-seasons of observing can justifiably be combined to produce a deeper 21 cm power spectrum upper limit. We find that, with a handful of exceptions, the HERA data in question are statistically consistent and this decision is justified. We conclude by pointing out the wide applicability of this test, including to CMB experiments and the H0 tension.

Funder

National Science Foundation

Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

National Research Foundation

European Research Council

Science and Technology Facilities Council

Scuola Normale Superiore

Australian Research Council

INAF

Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale

Royal Society