The impact of human expert visual inspection on the discovery of strong gravitational lenses-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

The impact of human expert visual inspection on the discovery of strong gravitational lenses

Published:2023-06-07 Issue:3 Volume:523 Page:4413-4430
ISSN:0035-8711
Container-title:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
language:en
Short-container-title:

Author:

Rojas Karina¹^ORCID,Collett Thomas E¹^ORCID,Ballard Daniel¹,Magee Mark R¹,Birrer Simon²³⁴,Buckley-Geer Elizabeth⁵⁶^ORCID,Chan James H H⁷⁸^ORCID,Clément Benjamin⁹,Diego José M¹⁰^ORCID,Gentile Fabrizio¹¹¹²^ORCID,González Jimena¹³,Joseph Rémy¹⁴^ORCID,Mastache Jorge¹⁵¹⁶,Schuldt Stefan¹⁷¹⁸,Tortora Crescenzo¹⁹^ORCID,Verdugo Tomás²⁰,Verma Aprajita²¹,Daylan Tansu²²,Millon Martin⁹,Jackson Neal²³,Dye Simon²⁴^ORCID,Melo Alejandra¹⁷^ORCID,Mahler Guillaume²⁵²⁶^ORCID,Ogando Ricardo L C²⁷^ORCID,Courbin Frédéric⁹^ORCID,Fritz Alexander²⁸,Herle Aniruddh¹⁷²⁹,Acevedo Barroso Javier A⁹,Cañameras Raoul¹⁷,Cornen Claude³⁰^ORCID,Dhanasingham Birendra³¹^ORCID,Glazebrook Karl³²,Martinez Michael N¹³,Ryczanowski Dan³³^ORCID,Savary Elodie⁹,Góis-Silva Filipe²⁷^ORCID,Arturo Ureña-López L³⁴,Wiesner Matthew P³⁵,Wilde Joshua³⁶^ORCID,Valim Calçada Gabriel²⁷,Cabanac Rémi³⁷,Pan Yue⁶^ORCID,Sierra Isaac⁶,Despali Giulia³⁸^ORCID,Cavalcante-Gomes Micaele V²⁷³⁹,Macmillan Christine²⁹,Maresca Jacob²⁴^ORCID,Grudskaia Aleksandra¹⁷,O’Donnell Jackson H⁴⁰⁴¹,Paic Eric⁹,Niemiec Anna²⁵²⁶^ORCID,de la Bella Lucia F¹,Bromley Jane⁴¹^ORCID,Williams Devon M⁴²^ORCID,More Anupreeta⁴³⁴⁴^ORCID,Levine. Benjamin C⁴

Affiliation:

1. Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth , Burnaby Rd, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK

2. Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology and Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA

3. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA

4. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA

5. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510, USA

6. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA

7. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College of the CUNY , Bronx, NY 10468, USA

8. Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History , Central Park West and 79th Street, NY 10024, USA

9. Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Observatoire de Sauverny, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland

10. Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-UC), Avda Los Castros s/n, E-39095 Santander, Spain

11. University of Bologna, Department of Physics and Astronomy (DIFA) , Via Gobetti 93/2, I-40129, Bologna, Italy

12. INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio , via Gobetti 93/3, I-40129 Bologna, Italy

13. Physics Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USA

14. Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University , Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden

15. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología , Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Crédito Constructor, Alc. Benito Juárez, CP 03940, México

16. Mesoamerican Centre for Theoretical Physics , Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Carretera Zapata Km. 4, Real del Bosque, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 29040, México

17. Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik , Karl-Schwarzschild Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany

18. Technische Universität München, Physik Department , James-Franck Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany

19. INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte , Salita Moiariello 16, I-80131 Napoli, Italy

20. Instituto de Astronomía, Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Apartado postal 106, C.P. 22800, Ensenada, B.C., México

21. Sub-department of Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, University of Oxford , Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

22. Department of Astrophysical Sciences , Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

23. Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester , Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

24. School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

25. Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE, UK

26. Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK

27. Observatório Nacional , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ – 20921-400, Brazil

28. OmegaLambdaTec GmbH , Lichtenbergstraße 8, D-85748 Garching, Germany

29. Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München , Scheinerstr. 1, D-81679 München, Germany

30. Citizen Scientist, Zooniverse, Astrophysics Sub-department, University of Oxford , Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, UK

31. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico , 210 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA

32. Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology , PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia

33. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

34. Departamento de Física, DCI, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato , León, Guanajuato 37150, México

35. Department of Physics, Benedictine University , 5700 College Road, Lisle, IL 60532, USA

36. School of Physical Sciences, The Open University , Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK

37. IRAP, Università de Toulouse , UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, 31400, France

38. Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum für Astronomie, Heidelberg Universität , Albert-Ueberle-Str 2, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany

39. Instituto Sciety Lab , São José dos Campos, SP,12210-90, Brazil

40. Department of Physics, University of California , 1156 High Str, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

41. School of Computing & Communications, The Open University , Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK

42. Santa Cruz Institute of Particle Physics, University of California , 1156 High Str, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA

43. The Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) , Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India

44. Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU) , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8583, Japan

Abstract

ABSTRACT We investigate the ability of human ‘expert’ classifiers to identify strong gravitational lens candidates in Dark Energy Survey like imaging. We recruited a total of 55 people that completed more than 25 per cent of the project. During the classification task, we present to the participants 1489 images. The sample contains a variety of data including lens simulations, real lenses, non-lens examples, and unlabelled data. We find that experts are extremely good at finding bright, well-resolved Einstein rings, while arcs with g-band signal to noise less than ∼25 or Einstein radii less than ∼1.2 times the seeing are rarely recovered. Very few non-lenses are scored highly. There is substantial variation in the performance of individual classifiers, but they do not appear to depend on the classifier’s experience, confidence or academic position. These variations can be mitigated with a team of 6 or more independent classifiers. Our results give confidence that humans are a reliable pruning step for lens candidates, providing pure and quantifiably complete samples for follow-up studies.

Funder

STFC

Swiss National Science Foundation

European Research Council

Max Planck Society

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

John Templeton Foundation

NASA

CONACYT

Science and Technology Facilities Council

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)