LOFAR 144-MHz follow-up observations of GW170817

Author:

Broderick J W12ORCID,Shimwell T W13,Gourdji K4ORCID,Rowlinson A14ORCID,Nissanke S56,Hotokezaka K78,Jonker P G910,Tasse C1112,Hardcastle M J13ORCID,Oonk J B R1413,Fender R P15,Wijers R A M J4ORCID,Shulevski A4ORCID,Stewart A J16ORCID,ter Veen S1,Moss V A17116ORCID,van der Wiel M H D1,Nichols D A518,Piette A19ORCID,Bell M E20,Carbone D21ORCID,Corbel S2223,Eislöffel J24,Grießmeier J-M2523,Keane E F26ORCID,Law C J27,Muñoz-Darias T2829,Pietka M15,Serylak M3031,van der Horst A J3233,van Leeuwen J14,Wijnands R4,Zarka P34,Anderson J M3536,Bentum M J137,Blaauw R1,Brouw W N38,Brüggen M39,Ciardi B40,de Vos M1,Duscha S1,Fallows R A1,Franzen T M O1,Garrett M A413,Gunst A W1,Hoeft M24,Hörandel J R10642,Iacobelli M1,Jütte E43,Koopmans L V E38,Krankowski A44,Maat P1,Mann G45,Mulder H1,Nelles A4647,Paas H48,Pandey-Pommier M2349,Pekal R50,Reich W51,Röttgering H J A3,Schwarz D J52,Smirnov O1230,Soida M53,Toribio M C54,van Haarlem M P1,van Weeren R J3,Vocks C45,Wucknitz O51,Zucca P1

Affiliation:

1. ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, NL-7991 PD Dwingeloo, the Netherlands

2. International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia

3. Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands

4. Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands

5. GRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute of High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands

6. Nikhef, Science Park 105, NL-1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands

7. Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

8. Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

9. SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, the Netherlands

10. Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands

11. GEPI and USN, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, 5 Place Jules Janssen, F-92190 Meudon, France

12. Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa

13. Centre for Astrophysics Research, School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK

14. SURFsara, PO Box 94613, NL-1090 GP Amsterdam, the Netherlands

15. Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

16. Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

17. CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia

18. Department of Physics, University of Virginia, PO Box 400714 Charlottesville, VA 22904-4714, USA

19. Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

20. University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo NSW 2007, Australia

21. University of the Virgin Islands, 2 Brewers Bay Road, Charlotte Amalie, USVI 00802, USA

22. Laboratoire AIM (CEA/IRFU - CNRS/INSU - Université Paris Diderot), F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France

23. Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Univ. Orléans, OSUC, F-18330 Nançay, France

24. Thüringer Landessternwarte, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany

25. LPC2E - Université d’Orléans / CNRS, F-45071 Orléans cedex 2, France

26. SKA Organisation, Jodrell Bank Observatory, Macclesfield SK11 9DL, UK

27. Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

28. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

29. Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

30. South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, 2 Fir Street, Black River Park, Observatory 7925, South Africa

31. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa

32. Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA

33. Astronomy, Physics, and Statistics Institute of Sciences (APSIS), The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA

34. LESIA and USN, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, PSL, SU/UP/UO, F-92195 Meudon, France

35. Technical University of Berlin, Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Faculty VI sec. H 12, Main Building Room H 5121, Straße des 17. Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany

36. GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany

37. Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands

38. Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands

39. Hamburger Sternwarte, University of Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany

40. Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany

41. Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

42. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

43. Astronomisches Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany

44. Space Radio-Diagnostics Research Centre, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 9, PL-10-720 Olsztyn, Poland

45. Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany

46. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany

47. Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany

48. Center for Information Technology (CIT), University of Groningen, PO Box 11044, NL-9700 CA Groningen, the Netherlands

49. Univ. Lyon, Univ. Lyon1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, 9 av. Charles André F-69230, Saint-Genis-Laval, France

50. Poznań Supercomputing and Networking Center (PCSS), PL-61-139 Poznań, Poland

51. Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

52. Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany

53. Jagiellonian University, Astronomical Observatory, ul. Orla 171, PL-30-244 Kraków, Poland

54. Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-439 92 Onsala, Sweden

Abstract

ABSTRACT We present low-radio-frequency follow-up observations of AT 2017gfo, the electromagnetic counterpart of GW170817, which was the first binary neutron star merger to be detected by Advanced LIGO–Virgo. These data, with a central frequency of 144 MHz, were obtained with LOFAR, the Low-Frequency Array. The maximum elevation of the target is just 13${_{.}^{\circ}}$7 when observed with LOFAR, making our observations particularly challenging to calibrate and significantly limiting the achievable sensitivity. On time-scales of 130–138 and 371–374 d after the merger event, we obtain 3σ upper limits for the afterglow component of 6.6 and 19.5 mJy beam−1, respectively. Using our best upper limit and previously published, contemporaneous higher frequency radio data, we place a limit on any potential steepening of the radio spectrum between 610 and 144 MHz: the two-point spectral index $\alpha ^{610}_{144} \gtrsim$ −2.5. We also show that LOFAR can detect the afterglows of future binary neutron star merger events occurring at more favourable elevations.

Funder

College of Natural Resources and Sciences, Humboldt State University

Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung

Ministerium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Science Foundation Ireland

Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek

European Research Council

Science and Technology Facilities Council

Université Sorbonne Paris Cité

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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