Sunspot observations by Charles Malapert during the period 1618–1626: a key data set to understand solar activity before the Maunder minimum

Abstract

ABSTRACT A revision is presented of the sunspot observations made by Charles Malapert from 1618 to 1626, studying several documentary sources that include those observations. The revised accounting of the group numbers recorded by Malapert for that period shows new information unavailable in the current sunspot group data base. The average solar activity level calculated from these revised records of Malapert is by almost one-third greater than that calculated from his records included in the current group data base. Comparison of the sunspot observations made by Malapert and by other astronomers of that time with regard to the number of recorded groups and sunspot positions on the solar disc shows good agreement. Malapert reported that he only recorded one sunspot group in each sunspot drawing presented in Austriaca Sidera Heliocyclia (the documentary source that includes most of the sunspot records made by Malapert), although he sometimes observed several groups. Therefore, the sunspot counts obtained in this work on Malapert's sunspot observations represent the lower limit of the solar activity level corresponding to those records.