Probing stellar populations and interstellar medium in early-type central galaxies

Abstract

ABSTRACT In this study, we analyse the characteristics of stellar populations and the interstellar medium (ISM) in 15 107 early-type central galaxies from the SPIDER survey. Using optical spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we investigate stellar age (Age), metallicity (Z), visual extinction (AV), and H α equivalent width (EWH α) to understand the evolution of the baryonic content in these galaxies. Our analysis explores the relationship between these properties and central velocity dispersion (σ) and halo mass (Mhalo) for isolated centrals (ICs) and group centrals (GCs). Our results confirm that both ICs and GCs’ stellar populations and gas properties are mainly influenced by σ, with Mhalo playing a secondary role. Higher σ values correspond to older, more metal-rich stellar populations in both ICs and GCs. Moreover, fixed σ values we observe younger Ages at higher values of Mhalo, a consistent trend in both ICs and GCs. Furthermore, we investigate the ionization source of the warm gas and propose a scenario where the properties of ionized gas are shaped by a combination of cooling within the intracluster medium (ICM) and feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) assuming a Bondi accretion regime. We observe inherent differences between ICs and GCs, suggesting that the ratio between AGN kinetic power and ICM thermal energy influences EWH α in ICs. Meanwhile, gas deposition in GCs appears to involve a more complex interplay beyond a singular AGN–ICM interaction.