A new emulated Monte Carlo radiative transfer disc-wind model: X-Ray Accretion Disc-wind Emulator – xrade

Author:

Matzeu G A123ORCID,Lieu M4ORCID,Costa M T5,Reeves J N67,Braito V67ORCID,Dadina M2,Nardini E8ORCID,Boorman P G910,Parker M L11ORCID,Sim S A12,Barret D13,Kammoun E813ORCID,Middei R14ORCID,Giustini M15,Brusa M12,Cabrera J Pérez16,Marchesi S217

Affiliation:

1. Department of Physics and Astronomy (DIFA), University of Bologna , Via Gobetti 93/2, I-40129 Bologna, Italy

2. INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna , Via Gobetti 93/3, I-40129 Bologna, Italy

3. European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) , E-28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

4. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK

5. Astrophysics Group, School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University , Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK

6. Department of Physics, Institute for Astrophysics and Computational Sciences, The Catholic University of America , Washington, DC 20064, USA

7. INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , Via Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, LC, Italy

8. INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo Enrico Fermi 5, I-50125 Firenze, Italy

9. Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Boční II 1401/1A, CZ-14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic

10. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK

11. Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

12. School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast , Belfast BT7 1NN, UK

13. IRAP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, CNES 9 , Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 44346, F-31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

14. Space Science Data Center – ASI , Via del Politecnico, snc, I-00133 Roma, Italy

15. Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA) , Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, Villanueva de la Cañada, E-28692 Madrid, Spain

16. Aurora Technology B.V., European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) , Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n, Villanueva de la Cañada, E-28692 Madrid, Spain

17. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University , Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634, USA

Abstract

ABSTRACT We present a new X-Ray Accretion Disc-wind Emulator (xrade) based on the 2.5D Monte Carlo radiative transfer code that provides a physically motivated, self-consistent treatment of both absorption and emission from a disc wind by computing the local ionization state and velocity field within the flow. xrade is then implemented through a process that combines X-ray tracing with supervised machine learning. We develop a novel emulation method consisting in training, validating, and testing the simulated disc-wind spectra into a purposely built artificial neural network. The trained emulator can generate a single synthetic spectrum for a particular parameter set in a fraction of a second, in contrast to the few hours required by a standard Monte Carlo radiative transfer pipeline. The emulator does not suffer from interpolation issues with multidimensional spaces that are typically faced by traditional X-ray fitting packages such as xspec. xrade will be suitable to a wide number of sources across the black hole mass, ionizing luminosity, and accretion rate scales. As an example, we demonstrate the applicability of xrade to the physical interpretation of the X-ray spectra of the bright quasar PDS 456, which hosts the best-established accretion disc wind observed to date. We anticipate that our emulation method will be an indispensable tool for the development of high-resolution theoretical models, with the necessary flexibility to be optimized for the next generation microcalorimeters onboard future missions, like X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM)/Resolve and Athena/X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU). This tool can also be implemented across a wide variety of X-ray spectral models and beyond.

Funder

ASI

INAF

University of Nottingham

NASA

Czech Science Foundation

Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales

Horizon 2020

Comunidad de Madrid

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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