Photohadronic interpretations of the different incarnations of 1ES 2344+514

Abstract

ABSTRACT Since its discovery in 1995, the high-energy peaked blazar 1ES 2344+514 has undergone several episodes of GeV–TeV flaring and has been observed in the multiwavelength by several telescopes. The observed X-ray spectrum of 1996 and the flaring event of 2016 establish that 1ES 2344+514 has a temporary behaviour like that of an extremely high-energy peaked BL Lacertae object (EHBL). Such behaviour has also been observed in several nearby high-energy peaked blazars. We use the photohadronic model to account for the GeV–TeV flaring observed events of 1995 and 2007. Also, a recently proposed two-zone photohadronic model, which is successful in explaining the multi-TeV flaring events of many transient EHBL-like sources, is employed to explain the GeV–TeV flaring spectra of MJD 57611 and MJD 57612. We find that the zone-2 parameters of the two-zone photohadronic model play a central role in explaining these spectra. This is probably an indication of a new type of transient EHBL-like source. We find that our fits to the observed spectra are comparable or better than the other leptonic and hadronic models employed in the literature to address the same issue.