CAvity DEtection Tool (CADET): pipeline for detection of X-ray cavities in hot galactic and cluster atmospheres

Author:

Plšek T1ORCID,Werner N1ORCID,Topinka M12,Simionescu A345ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Masaryk University , CZ-60177 Brno , Czech Republic

2. INAF − Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica , Via A. Corti 12, I-20133 Milano , Italy

3. SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Niels Bohrweg 4, NL-2333 CA Leiden , the Netherlands

4. Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden , the Netherlands

5. Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583 , Japan

Abstract

ABSTRACT The study of jet-inflated X-ray cavities provides a powerful insight into the energetics of hot galactic atmospheres and radio-mechanical AGN feedback. By estimating the volumes of X-ray cavities, the total energy and thus also the corresponding mechanical jet power required for their inflation can be derived. Properly estimating their total extent is, however, non-trivial, prone to biases, nearly impossible for poor-quality data, and so far has been done manually by scientists. We present a novel machine-learning pipeline called Cavity Detection Tool (CADET), developed as an assistive tool that detects and estimates the sizes of X-ray cavities from raw Chandra images. The pipeline consists of a convolutional neural network trained for producing pixel-wise cavity predictions and a DBSCAN clustering algorithm, which decomposes the predictions into individual cavities. The convolutional network was trained using mock observations of early-type galaxies simulated to resemble real noisy Chandra-like images. The network’s performance has been tested on simulated data obtaining an average cavity volume error of 14 per cent at an 89 per cent true-positive rate. For simulated images without any X-ray cavities inserted, we obtain a 5 per cent false-positive rate. When applied to real Chandra images, the pipeline recovered 93 out of 97 previously known X-ray cavities in nearby early-type galaxies and all 14 cavities in chosen galaxy clusters. Besides that, the CADET pipeline discovered seven new cavity pairs in atmospheres of early-type galaxies (IC 4765, NGC 533, NGC 2300, NGC 3091, NGC 4073, NGC 4125, and NGC 5129) and a number of potential cavity candidates.

Funder

GACR

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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