Opacity modelling of heavy-metal hot subdwarfs: photoionization of Sr0, Y+, and Zr2 +

Abstract

ABSTRACT Heavy-metal hot subdwarfs (sdB and sdO) represent a small group of stars with unusually high concentrations of trans-iron elements in their atmospheres, having abundances ${\sim } 10\, 000$ times solar. One example is LS IV-14 116, where a number of heavy-metal absorption lines of Sr ii, Y iii, and Zr iv have been observed in the optical band $4000\!-\!5000\, {\mathring{\rm A}}$. We use a fully relativistic Dirac Atomic R-Matrix Code (darc) to calculate photoionization cross-sections of Sr0, Y+, and Zr2 + from their ground state to the 20th excited level. We use the cross-sections and the oscillator strengths to simulate the spectrum of a hot subdwarf. We obtain complete sets of photoionization cross-sections for the three ions under study. We use these data to calculate the opacity of the stellar atmospheres of hot subdwarf stars, and show that for overabundances observed in some heavy-metal subdwarves, photoexcitation from zirconium, in particular, does contribute some back warming in the model.