Hot gaseous atmospheres of rotating galaxies observed with XMM–Newton

Author:

Juráňová A123ORCID,Werner N145,Nulsen P E J67,Gaspari M89ORCID,Lakhchaura K10,Canning R E A1112,Donahue M13,Hroch F1,Voit G M13

Affiliation:

1. Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic

2. SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, the Netherlands

3. Anton Pannekoek Institute, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands

4. School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan

5. MTA-Eötvös Loránd University Lendület Hot Universe Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary

6. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

7. ICRAR, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

8. INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, via P. Gobetti 93/3, I-40129 Bologna, Italy

9. Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544-1001, USA

10. MTA-ELTE Astrophysics Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary

11. Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-4085, USA

12. Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-4060, USA

13. Physics and Astronomy Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-2320, USA

Abstract

ABSTRACT X-ray emitting atmospheres of non-rotating early-type galaxies and their connection to central active galactic nuclei have been thoroughly studied over the years. However, in systems with significant angular momentum, processes of heating and cooling are likely to proceed differently. We present an analysis of the hot atmospheres of six lenticulars and a spiral galaxy to study the effects of angular momentum on the hot gas properties. We find an alignment between the hot gas and the stellar distribution, with the ellipticity of the X-ray emission generally lower than that of the optical stellar emission, consistent with theoretical predictions for rotationally supported hot atmospheres. The entropy profiles of NGC 4382 and the massive spiral galaxy NGC 1961 are significantly shallower than the entropy distribution in other galaxies, suggesting the presence of strong heating (via outflows or compressional) in the central regions of these systems. Finally, we investigate the thermal (in)stability of the hot atmospheres via criteria such as the TI- and C-ratio, and discuss the possibility that the discs of cold gas present in these objects have condensed out of the hot atmospheres.

Funder

Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research

Hungarian Academy of Sciences

Masaryk University

Princeton University

NASA

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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