A hot mini-Neptune and a temperate, highly eccentric sub-Saturn around the bright K-dwarf TOI-2134

Author:

Rescigno F1ORCID,Hébrard G23,Vanderburg A4ORCID,Mann A W5,Mortier A6ORCID,Morrell S1,Buchhave L A7ORCID,Collins K A8,Mann C R910ORCID,Hellier C11,Haywood R D1,West R12,Stalport M1314,Heidari N2,Anderson D12,Huang C X15,López-Morales M8,Cortés-Zuleta P16,Lewis H M17,Dumusque X14,Boisse I18,Rowden P19ORCID,Collier Cameron A2021ORCID,Deleuil M16,Vezie M4,Pepe F A14,Delfosse X22,Charbonneau D8,Rice K2324,Demangeon O25,Quinn S N8,Udry S14,Forveille T22,Winn J N26,Sozzetti A27ORCID,Hoyer S16,Seager S42829,Wilson T G2021,Dalal S1,Martioli E230,Striegel S3132,Boschin W333435,Dragomir D36,Martínez Fiorenzano A F33,Cosentino R33,Ghedina A33,Malavolta L3738,Affer L39,Lakeland B S1,Nicholson B A4041,Foschino S42,Wünsche A42,Barkaoui K283443,Srdoc G44,Randolph J45,Guillet B45,Conti D M45,Ghachoui M4346,Gillon M43,Benkhaldoun Z46,Pozuelos F J4347,Timmermans M43,Girardin E48,Matutano S49,Bosch-Cabot P49,Muñoz J A5051,Forés-Toribio R5051

Affiliation:

1. Department of Astrophysics, University of Exeter , Stocker Rd, Exeter EX4 4QL , UK

2. Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre and Marie Curie , 98bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014 Paris , France

3. Observatoire de Haute-Provence, CNRS, Université d’Aix-Marseille , 04870 Saint-Michel-l’Observatoire , France

4. Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA

5. Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599 , USA

6. Department of Astrophysics, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT , UK

7. DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 328, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark

8. Center for Astrophysics| Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA

9. Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets (iREx)), Université de Montréal , Complexe des Sciences, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7 , Canada

10. Département de Physique, Université de Montréal , 1375 Avenue Th érèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montreal, QC, H2V 0B3 , Canada

11. Astrophysics Group, Keele University , Staffordshire, ST5 5BG , UK

12. Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL , UK

13. Space Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège , Allée du 6 Août 19C, B-4000 Liège , Belgium

14. Observatoire de Geneéve, Université de Geneéve , Chemin de Pegasi, 51, CH-1290 Versoix , Switzerland

15. Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland , West Street, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 Australia

16. Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, Université de Provence , UMR6110 CNRS, 38 rue F. Joliot Curie, F-13388 Marseille cedex 13 , France

17. Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218 , USA

18. Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES , 13388 Marseille CEDEX 13 , France

19. Royal Astronomical Society , Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BQ , UK

20. SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews, KY169SS , UK

21. Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews, KY169SS , UK

22. IPAG, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble , France

23. SUPA, Institute for Astronomy, Royal Observatory, University of Edinburgh , Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ , UK

24. Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH9 3FD , UK

25. Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP , Rua das Estrelas, 4150–762 Porto , Portugal

26. Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ 08544 , USA

27. INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino , Strada Osservatorio, 20 I-10025 Pino Torinese (TO) , Italy

28. Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA

29. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA

30. Laboratório Nacional de Astrofísica , Rua Estados Unidos 154, 37504–364, Itajubá—MG , Brazil

31. SETI Institute , Mountain View, CA 94043 , USA

32. NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035 , USA

33. Fundación Galileo Galilei – INAF (Telescopio Nazionale Galileo) , Rambla J. A. F. Perez 7, E-38712 Breña Baja (La Palma), Canary Islands , Spain

34. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , C/Vía Láctea s/n, E-38205 La Laguna (Tenerife), Canary Islands , Spain

35. Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna , Av. del Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, E-38205 La Laguna (Tenerife), Canary Islands , Spain

36. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico , 210 Yale Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 , USA

37. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ‘Galileo Galilei’, Università degli Studi di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova , Italy

38. INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova , Italy

39. INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo , Piazza del Parlamento 1, I-90134 Palermo , Italy

40. Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland , West Street, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 , Australia

41. Sub-department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford , Keble Rd, OX13RH, Oxford , UK

42. Observatoire des Baronnies Provençales , F-05150 Moydans , France

43. Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , 19C Allée du 6 Août, B-4000 Liège , Belgium

44. Kotizarovci Observatory , Sarsoni 90, 51 216 Viskovo , Croatia

45. American Association of Variable Star Observers , 185 Alewife Brook Parkway, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA

46. Oukaimeden Observatory, High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University , Abdelkrim Khattabi Avenue, Marrakech, 40000 , Morocco

47. Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC) , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada , Spain

48. Grand Pra Observatory , 1984 Les Haudàres , Switzerland

49. Observatori Astronómic Albanyá , Girona , Spain

50. Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad de Valencia , E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia , Spain

51. Observatorio Astronómico, Universidad de Valencia , E-46980 Paterna, Valencia , Spain

Abstract

ABSTRACT We present the characterization of an inner mini-Neptune in a 9.2292005 ± 0.0000063 d orbit and an outer mono-transiting sub-Saturn planet in a 95.50$^{+0.36}_{-0.25}$ d orbit around the moderately active, bright (mv  = 8.9 mag) K5V star TOI-2134. Based on our analysis of five sectors of TESS data, we determine the radii of TOI-2134b and c to be 2.69 ± 0.16 R⊕ for the inner planet and 7.27 ± 0.42 R⊕ for the outer one. We acquired 111 radial-velocity (RV) spectra with HARPS-N and 108 RV spectra with SOPHIE. After careful periodogram analysis, we derive masses for both planets via Gaussian Process regression: 9.13$^{+0.78}_{-0.76}$ M⊕ for TOI-2134b and 41.89$^{+7.69}_{-7.83}$ M⊕ for TOI-2134c. We analysed the photometric and RV data first separately, then jointly. The inner planet is a mini-Neptune with density consistent with either a water-world or a rocky core planet with a low-mass H/He envelope. The outer planet has a bulk density similar to Saturn’s. The outer planet is derived to have a significant eccentricity of 0.67$^{+0.05}_{-0.06}$ from a combination of photometry and RVs. We compute the irradiation of TOI-2134c as 1.45 ± 0.10 times the bolometric flux received by Earth, positioning it for part of its orbit in the habitable zone of its system. We recommend further RV observations to fully constrain the orbit of TOI-2134c. With an expected Rossiter–McLaughlin (RM) effect amplitude of 7.2 ± 1.3 $\rm m\, s^{-1}$, we recommend TOI-2134c for follow-up RM analysis to study the spin–orbit architecture of the system. We calculate the Transmission Spectroscopy Metric, and both planets are suitable for bright-mode Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) atmospheric characterization.

Funder

INAF

University of Exeter

University of Edinburgh

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

California Institute of Technology

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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