SN 2021fxy: mid-ultraviolet flux suppression is a common feature of Type Ia supernovae-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

SN 2021fxy: mid-ultraviolet flux suppression is a common feature of Type Ia supernovae

Published:2023-04-24 Issue:3 Volume:522 Page:3481-3505
ISSN:0035-8711
Container-title:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
language:en
Short-container-title:

Author:

DerKacy J M¹²^ORCID,Paugh S¹^ORCID,Baron E¹³⁴^ORCID,Brown P J⁵^ORCID,Ashall C²^ORCID,Burns C R⁶^ORCID,Hsiao E Y⁷^ORCID,Kumar S⁷^ORCID,Lu J⁷^ORCID,Morrell N⁸^ORCID,Phillips M M⁸^ORCID,Shahbandeh M⁷⁹^ORCID,Shappee B J¹⁰^ORCID,Stritzinger M D¹¹^ORCID,Tucker M A¹²¹³¹⁴^ORCID,Yarbrough Z¹¹⁵^ORCID,Boutsia K⁸^ORCID,Hoeflich P⁷^ORCID,Wang L⁵^ORCID,Galbany L¹⁶¹⁷^ORCID,Karamehmetoglu E¹¹^ORCID,Krisciunas K⁵^ORCID,Mazzali P¹⁸^ORCID,Piro A L⁶^ORCID,Suntzeff N B⁵^ORCID,Fiore A¹⁹²⁰²¹^ORCID,Gutiérrez C P²²²³^ORCID,Lundqvist P²⁴^ORCID,Reguitti A²¹²⁵²⁶^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma , 440 W. Brooks, Norman, OK 73019-2061, USA

2. Department of Physics, Virginia Tech , 850 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA

3. Planetary Science Institute , 1700 East Fort Lowell, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ 85719-2395 USA

4. Hamburger Sternwarte , Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany

5. George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843, USA

6. The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science , 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA

7. Department of Physics, Florida State University , 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA

8. Carnegie Observatories, Las Campanas Observatory , Casilla 601, La Serena, Chile

9. Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218-2410, USA

10. Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii , 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

11. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University , Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

12. CCAPP Fellow, Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, The Ohio State University , 191 West Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA

13. Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University , 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA

14. Department of Physics, The Ohio State University , 191 West Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA

15. Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA

16. Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB , Carrer de Can Magrans s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain

17. Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , E-08034 Barcelona, Spain

18. Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University , IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK

19. European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*) , Fondazione Bruno Kessler, I-38122 Trento, Italy

20. INFN-TIFPA, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications , Via Sommarive 14, I-38123 Trento, Italy

21. INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy

22. Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland

23. Tuorla Observatory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku , FI-20014 Turku, Finland

24. Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

25. Instituto de Astrofìsica – Universidad Andres Bello , Avda. República 252, 8320000 Santiago, Chile

26. Millennium Institute of Astrophysics , Nuncio Monsenor Sótero Sanz 100, Providencia, 8320000 Santiago, Chile

Abstract

ABSTRACT We present ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) observations and analysis of the nearby Type Ia supernova SN 2021fxy. Our observations include UV photometry from Swift/UVOT, UV spectroscopy from HST/STIS, and high-cadence optical photometry with the Swope 1-m telescope capturing intranight rises during the early light curve. Early B − V colours show SN 2021fxy is the first ‘shallow-silicon’ (SS) SN Ia to follow a red-to-blue evolution, compared to other SS objects which show blue colours from the earliest observations. Comparisons to other spectroscopically normal SNe Ia with HST UV spectra reveal SN 2021fxy is one of several SNe Ia with flux suppression in the mid-UV. These SNe also show blueshifted mid-UV spectral features and strong high-velocity Ca ii features. One possible origin of this mid-UV suppression is the increased effective opacity in the UV due to increased line blanketing from high velocity material, but differences in the explosion mechanism cannot be ruled out. Among SNe Ia with mid-UV suppression, SNe 2021fxy and 2017erp show substantial similarities in their optical properties despite belonging to different Branch subgroups, and UV flux differences of the same order as those found between SNe 2011fe and 2011by. Differential comparisons to multiple sets of synthetic SN Ia UV spectra reveal this UV flux difference likely originates from a luminosity difference between SNe 2021fxy and 2017erp, and not differing progenitor metallicities as suggested for SNe 2011by and 2011fe. These comparisons illustrate the complicated nature of UV spectral formation, and the need for more UV spectra to determine the physical source of SNe Ia UV diversity.

Funder

NASA

NERSC

U.S. Department of Energy

University of Oklahoma

Villum Fonden

Independent Research Fund Denmark

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación

AEI

European Social Fund

CSIC

NSF