Completeness of the Gaia verse II: what are the odds that a star is missing from Gaia DR2?

Abstract

ABSTRACT The second data release of the Gaia mission contained astrometry and photometry for an incredible 1692 919 135 sources, but how many sources did Gaiamiss and where do they lie on the sky? The answer to this question will be crucial for any astronomer attempting to map the Milky Way with Gaia DR2. We infer the completeness of Gaia DR2 by exploiting the fact that it only contains sources with at least five astrometric detections. The odds that a source achieves those five detections depends on both the number of observations and the probability that an observation of that source results in a detection. We predict the number of times that each source was observed by Gaia and assume that the probability of detection is either a function of magnitude or a distribution as a function of magnitude. We fit both these models to the 1.7 billion stars of Gaia DR2, and thus are able to robustly predict the completeness of Gaia across the sky as a function of magnitude. We extend our selection function to account for crowding in dense regions of the sky, and show that this is vitally important, particularly in the Galactic bulge and the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. We find that the magnitude limit at which Gaiais still 99 per cent complete varies over the sky from G = 18.9 to fainter than G = 21. We have created a new python package selectionfunctions (https://github.com/gaiaverse/selectionfunctions) which provides easy access to our selection functions.