The formation of early-type galaxies through monolithic collapse of gas clouds in Milgromian gravity

Author:

Eappen Robin1ORCID,Kroupa Pavel12ORCID,Wittenburg Nils2ORCID,Haslbauer Moritz23ORCID,Famaey Benoit4ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Astronomical Institute , V Holešovickách 2, CZ-180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic

2. Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik (HISKP), Universität Bonn , Nussallee 14-16, D-53115 Bonn, Germany

3. Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany

4. Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , UMR 7550, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

Abstract

ABSTRACT Studies of stellar populations in early-type galaxies (ETGs) show that the more massive galaxies form earlier and have a shorter star formation history. In this study, we investigate the initial conditions of ETG formation. The study begins with the collapse of non-rotating post-Big-Bang gas clouds in Milgromian (MOND) gravitation. These produce ETGs with star-forming time-scales (SFT) comparable to those observed in the real Universe. Comparing these collapse models with observations, we set constraints on the initial size and density of the post-Big-Bang gas clouds in order to form ETGs. The effective-radius–mass relation of the model galaxies falls short of the observed relation. Possible mechanisms for later radius expansion are discussed. Using hydrodynamic MOND simulations, this work thus for the first time shows that the SFTs observed for ETGs may be a natural occurrence in the MOND paradigm. We show that different feedback algorithms change the evolution of the galaxies only to a very minor degree in MOND. The first stars have, however, formed more rapidly in the real Universe than possible just from the here studied gravitational collapse mechanism. Dark-matter-based cosmological structure formation simulations disagree with the observed SFTs at more than 5σ confidence.

Funder

Charles University

Agence Nationale de la Recherche

European Research Council

Horizon 2020

GCS

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

Cited by 8 articles. 订阅此论文施引文献 订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献

1. Correction to: The formation of early-type galaxies through monolithic collapse of gas clouds in Milgromian gravity;Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society;2024-01-23

2. Fast particle-mesh code for Milgromian dynamics;Astronomy & Astrophysics;2024-01

3. The integrated galaxy-wide stellar initial mass function over the radial acceleration range of early-type galaxies;Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society;2023-09-18

4. Hydrodynamical structure formation in Milgromian cosmology;Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society;2023-05-08

5. A simultaneous solution to the Hubble tension and observed bulk flow within 250 h−1 Mpc;Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society;2023-01-23

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