Kepler K2Campaign 9 – II. First space-based discovery of an exoplanet using microlensing

Author:

Specht D1ORCID,Poleski R2,Penny M T3ORCID,Kerins E1ORCID,McDonald I14ORCID,Lee Chung-Uk56,Udalski A2,Bond I A7,Shvartzvald Y8,Zang Weicheng9,Street R A10,Hogg D W1112,Gaudi B S13,Barclay T14,Barentsen G15,Howell S B15,Mullally F15,Henderson C B16,Bryson S T15,Caldwell D A15,Haas M R15,Van Cleve J E15,Larson K17,McCalmont K17,Peterson C17,Putnam D17,Ross S17,Packard M18,Reedy L18,Albrow Michael D19,Chung Sun-Ju56,Kil Jung Youn5,Gould Andrew1320,Han Cheongho21,Hwang Kyu-Ha5,Ryu Yoon-Hyun5,Shin In-Gu5,Yang Hongjing9,Yee Jennifer C22,Cha Sang-Mok523,Kim Dong-Jin5,Kim Seung-Lee56,Lee Dong-Joo5,Lee Yongseok523,Park Byeong-Gon56,Pogge Richard W13,Szymański M K2,Soszyński I2,Ulaczyk K224,Pietrukowicz P2,Kozłowski Sz2,Skowron J2,Mróz P2,Mao Shude2526,Fouqué Pascal2728,Zhu Wei25,Abe F29,Barry R30,Bennett D P3031,Bhattacharya A3031,Fukui A3233,Fujii H29,Hirao Y34,Itow Y29,Kirikawa R34,Kondo I34,Koshimoto N35,Matsubara Y29,Matsumoto S34,Miyazaki S34,Muraki Y29,Olmschenk G30,Ranc C36,Okamura A34,Rattenbury N J37,Satoh Y34,Sumi T34,Suzuki D34,Silva S I3038,Toda T34,Tristram P J39,Vandorou A3031,Yama H34,Beichman C16,Bryden G40,Calchi Novati S16

Affiliation:

1. Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

2. Astronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, PL-00-478 Warsaw, Poland

3. Louisiana State University , 261-B Nicholson Hall, Tower Dr., Baton Rouge, LA 70803-4001, USA

4. Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University , Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK

5. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejon 34055, Republic of Korea

6. Korea University of Science and Technology , Korea, (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea

7. Institute for Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University , Private Bag 102904 North Shore Mail Centre, Auckland 0745, New Zealand

8. Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel

9. Department of Astronomy and Tsinghua Centre for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China

10. Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USA

11. Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University , 4 Washington Place, Room 424, New York, NY 10003, USA

12. Center for Data Science, New York University , 726 Broadway, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10003, USA

13. Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University , 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA

14. University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA

15. NASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

16. IPAC , Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

17. Ball Aerospace & Technologies , Boulder, CO 80301, USA

18. Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado at Boulder , Boulder, CO 80303, USA

19. University of Canterbury, Department of Physics and Astronomy , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New Zealand Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea

20. Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany

21. Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea

22. Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

23. School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University , Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea

24. Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

25. Physics Department and Tsinghua Centre for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China

26. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , A20 Datun Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China

27. CFHT Corporation , 65-1238 Mamalahoa Hwy, Kamuela, Hawaii 96743, USA

28. Université de Toulouse , UPS-OMP, IRAP, 14 Av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France

29. Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, Japan

30. Code 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

31. Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA

32. Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

33. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , Vía Láctea s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

34. Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan

35. Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

36. Sorbonne Université , CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, F-75014 Paris, France

37. Department of Physics, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

38. Department of Physics, The Catholic University of America , Washington, DC 20064, USA

39. University of Canterbury Mt. John Observatory , PO Box 56, Lake Tekapo 8770, New Zealand

40. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

Abstract

ABSTRACTWe present K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb, a densely sampled, planetary binary caustic-crossing microlensing event found from a blind search of data gathered from Campaign 9 of the Kepler K2 mission (K2C9). K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb is the first bound microlensing exoplanet discovered from space-based data. The event has caustic entry and exit points that are resolved in the K2C9 data, enabling the lens-source relative proper motion to be measured. We have fitted a binary microlens model to the Kepler data and to simultaneous observations from multiple ground-based surveys. Whilst the ground-based data only sparsely sample the binary caustic, they provide a clear detection of parallax that allows us to break completely the microlensing mass-position-velocity degeneracy and measure the planet’s mass directly. We find a host mass of 0.58 ± 0.04 M⊙ and a planetary mass of 1.1 ± 0.1 MJ. The system lies at a distance of 5.2 ± 0.2 kpc from Earth towards the Galactic bulge, more than twice the distance of the previous most distant planet found by Kepler. The sky-projected separation of the planet from its host is found to be 4.2 ± 0.3 au which, for circular orbits, deprojects to a host separation $a = 4.4^{+1.9}_{-0.4}$ au and orbital period $P = 13^{+9}_{-2}$ yr. This makes K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb a close Jupiter analogue orbiting a low-mass host star. According to current planet formation models, this system is very close to the host mass threshold below which Jupiters are not expected to form. Upcoming space-based exoplanet microlensing surveys by NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope and, possibly, ESA’s Euclid mission, will provide demanding tests of current planet formation models.

Funder

NASA

STFC

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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