OzDES Reverberation Mapping Program: Stacking analysis with Hβ, Mg ii, and C iv

Author:

Malik U1ORCID,Sharp R1,Penton A2ORCID,Yu Z3,Martini P34,Tucker B E156,Davis T M2ORCID,Lewis G F7ORCID,Lidman C18ORCID,Aguena M9ORCID,Alves O10,Annis J11,Asorey J12ORCID,Bacon D13,Brooks D14,Carnero Rosell A91516ORCID,Carretero J17ORCID,Cheng T -Y18ORCID,da Costa L N9,Pereira M E S19,De Vicente J20ORCID,Doel P14,Ferrero I21ORCID,Frieman J1122,Giannini G17,Gruen D23ORCID,Gruendl R A2425ORCID,Hinton S R2ORCID,Hollowood D L26ORCID,James D J27,Kuehn K2829,Marshall J L30,Mena-Fernández J20,Menanteau F2425,Miquel R1731,Ogando R L C32ORCID,Palmese A33ORCID,Pieres A932ORCID,Plazas Malagón A A3435ORCID,Reil K35,Romer A K36,Sanchez E20ORCID,Schubnell M10,Smith M37ORCID,Suchyta E38ORCID,Swanson M E C14,Tarle G10,To C4,Weaverdyck N1039ORCID,Wiseman P37ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2611 , Australia

2. School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, QLD 4101 , Australia

3. Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210 , USA

4. Center of Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210 , USA

5. National Centre for the Public Awareness of Science, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2601 , Australia

6. The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimension (ASTRO 3D) , Australia

7. Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, The University of Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia

8. Centre for Gravitational Astrophysics, College of Science, The Australian National University , ACT 2601 , Australia

9. Laboratório Interinstitucional de e-Astronomia—LIneA , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921–400 , Brazil

10. Department of Physics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109 , USA

11. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , PO Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510 , USA

12. Departamento de Física Teórica and Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos (IPARCOS-UCM), Universidad Complutense de Madrid , E-28040 Madrid , Spain

13. Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth, PO1 3FX , UK

14. Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT , UK

15. Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias , E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife , Spain

16. Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. Astrofísica , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , Spain

17. Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) , Spain

18. Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University , South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE , UK

19. Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg , Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg , Germany

20. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) , Madrid 28040 , Spain

21. Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo , PO Box 1029 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo , Norway

22. Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637 , USA

23. University Observatory, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , Scheinerstr 1, D-81679 Munich , Germany

24. Center for Astrophysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications , 1205 West Clark St, Urbana, IL 61801 , USA

25. Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801 , USA

26. Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics , Santa Cruz, CA 95064 , USA

27. Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA

28. Australian Astronomical Optics, Macquarie University , North Ryde, NSW 2113 , Australia

29. Lowell Observatory , 1400 Mars Hill Rd, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 , USA

30. George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843 , USA

31. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats , E-08010 Barcelona , Spain

32. Observatório Nacional , Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20921–400 , Brazil

33. Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15312 , USA

34. Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology , PO Box 2450, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 , USA

35. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, CA 94025 , USA

36. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Pevensey Building, University of Sussex , Brighton, BN1 9QH , UK

37. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton , Southampton, SO17 1BJ , UK

38. Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, TN 37831 , USA

39. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA

Abstract

ABSTRACT Reverberation mapping is the leading technique used to measure direct black hole masses outside of the local Universe. Additionally, reverberation measurements calibrate secondary mass-scaling relations used to estimate single-epoch virial black hole masses. The Australian Dark Energy Survey (OzDES) conducted one of the first multi-object reverberation mapping surveys, monitoring 735 AGN up to z ∼ 4, over 6 years. The limited temporal coverage of the OzDES data has hindered recovery of individual measurements for some classes of sources, particularly those with shorter reverberation lags or lags that fall within campaign season gaps. To alleviate this limitation, we perform a stacking analysis of the cross-correlation functions of sources with similar intrinsic properties to recover average composite reverberation lags. This analysis leads to the recovery of average lags in each redshift-luminosity bin across our sample. We present the average lags recovered for the Hβ, Mg ii, and C iv samples, as well as multiline measurements for redshift bins where two lines are accessible. The stacking analysis is consistent with the Radius–Luminosity relations for each line. Our results for the Hβ sample demonstrate that stacking has the potential to improve upon constraints on the R–L relation, which have been derived only from individual source measurements until now.

Funder

Australian Government

National Science Foundation

U.S. Department of Energy

Australian Research Council

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

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