A pair of sub-Neptunes transiting the bright K-dwarf TOI-1064 characterized with <i>CHEOPS</i>-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

A pair of sub-Neptunes transiting the bright K-dwarf TOI-1064 characterized with CHEOPS

Published:2022-01-13 Issue:1 Volume:511 Page:1043-1071
ISSN:0035-8711
Container-title:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
language:en
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Author:

Wilson Thomas G¹^ORCID,Goffo Elisa²³,Alibert Yann⁴,Gandolfi Davide²^ORCID,Bonfanti Andrea⁵,Persson Carina M⁶,Collier Cameron Andrew¹^ORCID,Fridlund Malcolm⁶⁷^ORCID,Fossati Luca⁵,Korth Judith⁸^ORCID,Benz Willy⁴⁹,Deline Adrien¹⁰,Florén Hans-Gustav¹¹¹²,Guterman Pascal¹³¹⁴,Adibekyan Vardan¹⁵,Hooton Matthew J⁴^ORCID,Hoyer Sergio¹⁶^ORCID,Leleu Adrien⁴¹⁰,Mustill Alexander James¹⁷^ORCID,Salmon Sébastien¹⁰,Sousa Sérgio G¹⁵^ORCID,Suarez Olga¹⁸,Abe Lyu¹⁸,Agabi Abdelkrim¹⁸,Alonso Roi¹⁹²⁰,Anglada Guillem²¹²²,Asquier Joel²³,Bárczy Tamas²⁴,Barrado Navascues David²⁵,Barros Susana C C¹⁵²⁶,Baumjohann Wolfgang⁵^ORCID,Beck Mathias¹⁰,Beck Thomas⁴,Billot Nicolas¹⁰,Bonfils Xavier²⁷,Brandeker Alexis¹¹,Broeg Christopher⁴⁹,Bryant Edward M²⁸^ORCID,Burleigh Matthew R²⁹,Buttu Marco³⁰,Cabrera Juan³¹,Charnoz Sébastien³²,Ciardi David R³³,Cloutier Ryan³⁴^ORCID,Cochran William D³⁵,Collins Karen A³⁴^ORCID,Colón Knicole D³⁶,Crouzet Nicolas²³,Csizmadia Szilard³¹^ORCID,Davies Melvyn B³⁷,Deleuil Magali¹³,Delrez Laetitia³⁸³⁹^ORCID,Demangeon Olivier¹⁵²⁶,Demory Brice-Olivier⁹,Dragomir Diana⁴⁰,Dransfield Georgina⁴¹,Ehrenreich David¹⁰,Erikson Anders³¹,Fortier Andrea⁴⁹,Gan Tianjun⁴²,Gill Samuel²⁸,Gillon Michaël³⁸,Gnilka Crystal L⁴³,Grieves Nolan¹⁰,Grziwa Sascha⁴⁴,Güdel Manuel⁴⁵,Guillot Tristan¹⁸,Haldemann Jonas⁴^ORCID,Heng Kevin⁹²⁸,Horne Keith¹,Howell Steve B⁴³,Isaak Kate G⁴⁶,Jenkins Jon M⁴³,Jensen Eric L N⁴⁷^ORCID,Kiss Laszlo⁴⁸,Lacedelli Gaia⁴⁹⁵⁰^ORCID,Lam Kristine³¹,Laskar Jacques⁵¹,Latham David W³⁴,Lecavelier des Etangs Alain⁵²,Lendl Monika¹⁰^ORCID,Lester Kathryn V⁴³,Levine Alan M⁵³,Livingston John⁵⁴^ORCID,Lovis Christophe¹⁰,Luque Rafael⁵⁵^ORCID,Magrin Demetrio⁵⁰,Marie-Sainte Wenceslas³⁰,Maxted Pierre F L⁵⁶^ORCID,Mayo Andrew W⁵⁷^ORCID,McLean Brian⁵⁸,Mecina Marko⁴⁵,Mékarnia Djamel¹⁸,Nascimbeni Valerio⁵⁰^ORCID,Nielsen Louise D⁵⁹^ORCID,Olofsson Göran¹¹,Osborn Hugh P⁹⁵³,Osborne Hannah L M⁶⁰^ORCID,Ottensamer Roland⁴⁵,Pagano Isabella⁶¹,Pallé Enric¹⁹²⁰,Peter Gisbert⁶²,Piotto Giampaolo⁴⁹⁵⁰,Pollacco Don²⁸,Queloz Didier¹⁰⁶³,Ragazzoni Roberto⁴⁹⁵⁰,Rando Nicola²³,Rauer Heike³¹⁶⁴⁶⁵,Redfield Seth⁶⁶^ORCID,Ribas Ignasi²¹²²,Ricker George R⁵³,Rieder Martin⁴,Santos Nuno C¹⁵²⁶,Scandariato Gaetano⁶¹,Schmider François-Xavier¹⁸,Schwarz Richard P⁶⁷,Scott Nicholas J⁴³,Seager Sara⁵³⁶⁸⁶⁹,Ségransan Damien¹⁰,Serrano Luisa Maria²^ORCID,Simon Attila E⁴,Smith Alexis M S³¹,Steller Manfred⁵,Stockdale Chris⁷⁰,Szabó Gyula⁷¹⁷²⁷³^ORCID,Thomas Nicolas⁴,Ting Eric B⁴³,Triaud Amaury H M J⁴¹^ORCID,Udry Stéphane¹⁰,Van Eylen Vincent⁶⁰^ORCID,Van Grootel Valérie³⁹,Vanderspek Roland K⁵³,Viotto Valentina⁵⁰,Walton Nicholas⁷⁴,Winn Joshua N⁷⁵

Affiliation:

1. Centre for Exoplanet Science, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK

2. Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy

3. Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany

4. Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Gesellsschaftstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland

5. Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Schmiedlstrasse 6, A-8042 Graz, Austria

6. Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden

7. Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, PO Box 9513, NL-2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands

8. Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Astronomy and Plasma Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden

9. Center for Space and Habitability, Gesellsschaftstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland

10. Observatoire Astronomique de l’Université de Genève, Chemin Pegasi 51, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland

11. Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

12. Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

13. Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, F-13013 Marseille, France

14. Division Technique INSU, BP 330, F-83507 La Seyne cedex, France

15. Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciencias do Espaco, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, P-4150-762 Porto, Portugal

16. Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, 38 Rue Frédéric Joliot Curie, F-13013 Marseille, France

17. Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Box 43, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden

18. Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, CS 34229, F-06304 Nice Cedex 4, France

19. Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

20. Departamento de Astrofisica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

21. Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Can Magrans s/n, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain

22. Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain

23. European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, the Netherlands

24. Admatis, 5. Kandó Kálmán Street, 3534 Miskolc, Hungary

25. Depto. de Astrofisica, Centro de Astrobiologia (CSIC-INTA), ESAC Campus, E-28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain

26. Departamento de Fisica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal

27. Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France

28. Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

29. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK

30. Concordia Station, Dome C, Antarctica

31. Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany

32. Institut de physique du globe de Paris, Université de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France

33. NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, Caltech/IPAC, 1200 E. California Ave, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA

34. Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

35. Center for Planetary Systems Habitability and McDonald Observatory, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA

36. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

37. Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden

38. Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19C, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

39. Space sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19C, B-4000 Liège, Belgium

40. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, 1919 Lomas Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA

41. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

42. Department of Astronomy and Tsinghua Centre for Astrophysics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

43. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

44. Rhenish Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Planetary Research, University of Cologne, Aachener Strasse 209, D-50931 Cologne, Germany

45. Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna, Türkenschanzstrasse 17, A-1180 Vienna, Austria

46. Science and Operations Department – Science Division (SCI-SC), Directorate of Science, European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Keplerlaan 1, NL-2201 AZ Noordwijk, the Netherlands

47. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA

48. Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, 1121 Budapest, Hungary

49. Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia ‘Galileo Galilei’, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 3, I-35122 Padova, Italy

50. INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy

51. IMCCE, UMR8028 CNRS, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ., 77 av. Denfert-Rochereau, F-75014 Paris, France

52. Institut d’astrophysique de Paris, UMR7095 CNRS, Université Pierre & Marie Curie, 98 bis Blvd. Arago, F-75014 Paris, France

53. Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

54. Department of Astronomy, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

55. Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain

56. Astrophysics Group, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK

57. Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

58. Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

59. Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

60. Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK

61. INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy

62. Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Rutherfordstrasse 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany

63. Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

64. Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Technical University Berlin, Hardenberstrasse 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany

65. Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, D-12249 Berlin, Germany

66. Astronomy Department and Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA

67. Patashnick Voorheesville Observatory, Voorheesville, NY 12186, USA

68. Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

69. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

70. Hazelwood Observatory, Australia

71. ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Gothard Astrophysical Observatory, Szent Imre h. u. 112, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary

72. MTA-ELTE Exoplanet Research Group, Szent Imre h. u. 112, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary

73. MTA-ELTE Lendület Milky Way Research Group, Szent Imre h. u. 112, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary

74. Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

75. Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Ln, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA

Abstract

ABSTRACT We report the discovery and characterization of a pair of sub-Neptunes transiting the bright K-dwarf TOI-1064 (TIC 79748331), initially detected in the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometry. To characterize the system, we performed and retrieved the CHaracterising ExOPlanets Satellite (CHEOPS), TESS, and ground-based photometry, the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) high-resolution spectroscopy, and Gemini speckle imaging. We characterize the host star and determine $T_{\rm eff, \star }=4734\pm 67\,\mathrm{ K}$, $R_{\star }=0.726\pm 0.007\, \mathrm{ R}_{\odot }$, and $M_{\star }=0.748\pm 0.032\, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$. We present a novel detrending method based on point spread function shape-change modelling and demonstrate its suitability to correct flux variations in CHEOPS data. We confirm the planetary nature of both bodies and find that TOI-1064 b has an orbital period of Pb = 6.44387 ± 0.00003 d, a radius of Rb = 2.59 ± 0.04 R⊕, and a mass of $M_{\rm b} = 13.5_{-1.8}^{+1.7}$ M⊕, whilst TOI-1064 c has an orbital period of $P_{\rm c} = 12.22657^{+0.00005}_{-0.00004}$ d, a radius of Rc = 2.65 ± 0.04 R⊕, and a 3σ upper mass limit of 8.5 M⊕. From the high-precision photometry we obtain radius uncertainties of ∼1.6 per cent, allowing us to conduct internal structure and atmospheric escape modelling. TOI-1064 b is one of the densest, well-characterized sub-Neptunes, with a tenuous atmosphere that can be explained by the loss of a primordial envelope following migration through the protoplanetary disc. It is likely that TOI-1064 c has an extended atmosphere due to the tentative low density, however further radial velocities are needed to confirm this scenario and the similar radii, different masses nature of this system. The high-precision data and modelling of TOI-1064 b are important for planets in this region of mass–radius space, and it allow us to identify a trend in bulk density–stellar metallicity for massive sub-Neptunes that may hint at the formation of this population of planets.

Funder

NASA Science Mission Directorate

Ames Research Center

Science and Technology Facilities Council

IPEV

National Science Foundation

National Research Council Canada

Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo

Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações

Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute

UKSA

CRT Foundation