Evidence for a dynamic corona in the short-term time lags of black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070

Author:

Bollemeijer Niek1ORCID,Uttley Phil1ORCID,Basak Arkadip1,Ingram Adam23ORCID,van den Eijnden Jakob4ORCID,Alabarta Kevin5ORCID,Altamirano Diego6,Arzoumanian Zaven7,Buisson Douglas J K8,Fabian Andrew C9ORCID,Ferrara Elizabeth710,Gendreau Keith1112,Homan Jeroen13,Kara Erin14ORCID,Markwardt Craig7,Remillard Ronald A14,Sanna Andrea15ORCID,Steiner James F16,Tombesi Francesco1012171819,Wang Jingyi14,Wang Yanan620ORCID,Zoghbi Abderahmen102111

Affiliation:

1. Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy , Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098 NH , the Netherlands

2. Department of Physics, Astrophysics, University of Oxford , Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH , UK

3. School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University , Herschel Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , UK

4. Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK

5. Center for Astro, Particle and Planetary Physics, New York University Abu Dhabi , Abu Dhabi 129188 , United Arab Emirates

6. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton , Southampton SO17 1BJ , UK

7. X-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771 , USA

8. Independent

9. Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK

10. Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742 , USA

11. CRESST II, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771 , USA

12. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771 , USA

13. Eureka Scientific, Inc. , 2452 Delmer Street, Oakland, CA 94602 , USA

14. MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research , MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA

15. Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita‘ degli Studi di Cagliari , SP Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, I-09042 Monserrato , Italy

16. Center for Astrophysics , Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA

17. Physics Department, Tor Vergata University of Rome , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome , Italy

18. INAF – Astronomical Observatory of Rome , Via Frascati 33, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone , Italy

19. INFN – Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome , Italy

20. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 20A Datun Road, Beijing 100101 , China

21. HEASARC , Code 6601, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771 , USA

Abstract

ABSTRACT In X-ray observations of hard state black hole X-ray binaries (BHXRBs), rapid variations in accretion disc and coronal power-law emission are correlated and show Fourier-frequency-dependent time lags. On short ($\sim$0.1 s) time-scales, these lags are thought to be due to reverberation and therefore may depend strongly on the geometry of the corona. Low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) are variations in X-ray flux that have been suggested to arise because of geometric changes in the corona, possibly due to general relativistic Lense–Thirring precession. Therefore, one might expect the short-term time lags to vary on the QPO time-scale. We performed novel spectral-timing analyses on Neutron Star Interior Composition ExploreR observations of the BHXRB MAXI J1820+070 during the hard state of its outburst in 2018 to investigate how the short-term time lags between a disc-dominated and a coronal power-law-dominated energy band vary on different time-scales. Our method can distinguish between variability due to the QPO and broad-band noise, and we find a linear correlation between the power-law flux and lag amplitude that is strongest at the QPO frequency. We also introduce a new method to resolve the QPO signal and determine the QPO phase dependence of the flux and lag variations, finding that both are very similar. Our results are consistent with a geometric origin of QPOs, but also provide evidence for a dynamic corona with a geometry varying in a similar way over a broad range of time-scales, not just the QPO time-scale.

Funder

NASA

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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