A variable active galactic nucleus at <i>z</i> = 2.06 triply-imaged by the galaxy cluster MACS J0035.4−2015-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

A variable active galactic nucleus at z = 2.06 triply-imaged by the galaxy cluster MACS J0035.4−2015

Published:2023-05-03 Issue:4 Volume:522 Page:5142-5151
ISSN:0035-8711
Container-title:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
language:en
Short-container-title:

Author:

Furtak Lukas J¹^ORCID,Mainali Ramesh²³⁴,Zitrin Adi¹^ORCID,Plat Adèle³,Fujimoto Seiji⁵^ORCID,Donahue Megan⁶,Nelson Erica J⁷,Bauer Franz E⁸⁹¹⁰,Uematsu Ryosuke¹¹,Caminha Gabriel B¹²,Andrade-Santos Felipe¹³¹⁴,Bradley Larry D¹⁵,Caputi Karina I¹⁶¹⁷,Charlot Stéphane¹⁸,Chevallard Jacopo¹⁹^ORCID,Coe Dan¹⁵²⁰²¹,Curtis-Lake Emma²²,Espada Daniel²³²⁴,Frye Brenda L³,Knudsen Kirsten K²⁵^ORCID,Koekemoer Anton M¹⁵^ORCID,Kohno Kotaro²⁶²⁷^ORCID,Kokorev Vasily¹⁶,Laporte Nicolas²⁸²⁹^ORCID,Lee Minju M¹⁷³⁰^ORCID,Lemaux Brian C³¹³²^ORCID,Magdis Georgios E¹⁷³⁰³³,Sharon Keren³⁴^ORCID,Stark Daniel P³,Su Yuanyuan³⁵^ORCID,Suess Katherine A³⁶³⁷,Ueda Yoshihiro¹¹,Umehata Hideki³⁸³⁹,Vidal-García Alba⁴⁰⁴¹,Wu John F¹⁵²¹^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O. Box 653, Be’er-Sheva 84105, Israel

2. Observational Cosmology Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

3. Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ, USA

4. Department of Physics, The Catholic University of America , Washington, DC 20064, USA

5. Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX 78712, USA

6. Michigan State University, Physics & Astronomy Department , East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

7. Department for Astrophysical and Planetary Science, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, USA

8. Instituto de Astrofísica , Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Campus San Joaquín, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436 Macul Santiago, Chile

9. Centro de Astroingeniería , Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Campus San Joaquín, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436 Macul Santiago, Chile

10. Millennium Institute of Astrophysics , Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Of 104, Providencia, Santiago, Chile

11. Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502, Japan

12. Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany

13. Department of Liberal Arts and Sciences , Berklee College of Music, 7 Haviland Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA

14. Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

15. Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

16. Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , P.O. Box 800, NL-9700AV Groningen, The Netherlands

17. Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Copenhagen, Denmark

18. Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris , CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 98bis Boulevard Arago, F-75014 Paris, France

19. Department of Physics, University of Oxford , Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK

20. Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) for the European Space Agency (ESA) , STScI, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

21. Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N Charles St. Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

22. Centre for Astrophysics Research, Department of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK

23. Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos , Campus de Fuentenueva, Edificio Mecenas, Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain

24. Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional , Facultad de Ciencias, E-18071 Granada, Spain

25. Chalmers University of Technology , Department of Space, Earth and Environment, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden

26. Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan

27. Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science , The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

28. Kavli Institute for Cosmology , University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK

29. Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK

30. DTU-Space, Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 327, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

31. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA

32. Gemini Observatory, NSF’s NOIRLab , 670 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, Hawai’i, 96720, USA

33. Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK-2100 Copenhagen N, Denmark

34. Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan , 1085 S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA

35. University of Kentucky , 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506, USA

36. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA

37. Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology and Department of Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA

38. Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University , Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan

39. Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan

40. Observatorio Astronómico Nacional , C/ Alfonso XII 3, E-28014 Madrid, Spain

41. École Normale Supérieure , CNRS, UMR 8023, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005 Paris, France

Abstract

ABSTRACT We report the discovery of a triply imaged active galactic nucleus (AGN), lensed by the galaxy cluster MACS J0035.4−2015 (zd = 0.352). The object is detected in Hubble Space Telescope imaging taken for the RELICS program. It appears to have a quasi-stellar nucleus consistent with a point-source, with a de-magnified radius of re ≲ 100 pc. The object is spectroscopically confirmed to be an AGN at zspec = 2.063 ± 0.005 showing broad rest-frame UV emission lines, and detected in both X-ray observations with Chandra and in ALCS ALMA band 6 (1.2 mm) imaging. It has a relatively faint rest-frame UV luminosity for a quasar-like object, MUV, 1450 = −19.7 ± 0.2. The object adds to just a few quasars or other X-ray sources known to be multiply lensed by a galaxy cluster. Some diffuse emission from the host galaxy is faintly seen around the nucleus, and there is a faint object nearby sharing the same multiple-imaging symmetry and geometric redshift, possibly an interacting galaxy or a star-forming knot in the host. We present an accompanying lens model, calculate the magnifications and time delays, and infer the physical properties of the source. We find the rest-frame UV continuum and emission lines to be dominated by the AGN, and the optical emission to be dominated by the host galaxy of modest stellar mass $M_{\star }\simeq 10^{9.2}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ . We also observe some variation in the AGN emission with time, which may suggest that the AGN used to be more active. This object adds a low-redshift counterpart to several relatively faint AGN recently uncovered at high redshifts with HST and JWST.

Funder

United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation

National Science Foundation

European Research Council

Horizon 2020

STFC

JSPS

KAKENHI

NAOJ

Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation

AEI

Junta de Andalucía