Assessing mass-loss and stellar-to-halo mass ratio of satellite galaxies: a galaxy–galaxy lensing approach utilizing DECaLS DR8 data

Abstract

ABSTRACT The galaxy–galaxy lensing technique allows us to measure the subhalo mass of satellite galaxies, studying their mass-loss and evolution within galaxy clusters and providing direct observational validation for theories of galaxy formation. In this study, we use the weak gravitational lensing observations from Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Legacy Imaging Surveys DR8, in combination with the redMaPPer galaxy cluster catalogue from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR8 to accurately measure the dark matter halo mass of satellite galaxies. We confirm a significant increase in the stellar-to-halo mass ratio of satellite galaxies with their halo-centric radius, indicating clear evidence of mass-loss due to tidal stripping. Additionally, we find that this mass-loss is strongly dependent on the mass of the satellite galaxies, with satellite galaxies above $10^{11}~{{\rm M}_{\odot }}\, h^{-1}$ experiencing more pronounced mass-loss compared to lower mass satellites, reaching 86 per cent at projected halo-centric radius 0.5R200c. The average mass-loss rate, when not considering halo-centric radius, displays a U-shaped variation with stellar mass, with galaxies of approximately $4\times 10^{10}~{{\rm M}_{\odot }}\, h^{-1}$ exhibiting the least mass-loss, around 60 per cent. We compare our results with state-of-the-art hydrodynamical numerical simulations and find that the satellite galaxy stellar-to-halo mass ratio in the outskirts of galaxy clusters is higher compared to the predictions of the Illustris-TNG project about factor 5. Furthermore, the Illustris-TNG project’s numerical simulations did not predict the observed dependence of satellite galaxy mass-loss rate on satellite galaxy mass.