Neutrino follow-up with the Zwicky transient facility: results from the first 24 campaigns-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Neutrino follow-up with the Zwicky transient facility: results from the first 24 campaigns

Published:2023-03-20 Issue:4 Volume:521 Page:5046-5063
ISSN:0035-8711
Container-title:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
language:en
Short-container-title:

Author:

Stein Robert¹²³^ORCID,Reusch Simeon¹²^ORCID,Franckowiak Anna¹²⁴^ORCID,Kowalski Marek¹²^ORCID,Necker Jannis¹²^ORCID,Weimann Sven⁴,Kasliwal Mansi M³^ORCID,Sollerman Jesper⁵^ORCID,Ahumada Tomas⁶⁷^ORCID,Amaro Seoane Pau⁸⁹¹⁰^ORCID,Anand Shreya³^ORCID,Andreoni Igor¹¹⁶⁷^ORCID,Bellm Eric C¹²^ORCID,Bloom Joshua S¹³¹⁴^ORCID,Coughlin Michael¹⁵^ORCID,De Kishalay¹⁶,Fremling Christoffer³^ORCID,Gezari Suvi¹⁷^ORCID,Graham Matthew³^ORCID,Groom Steven L¹⁸^ORCID,Helou George¹⁸^ORCID,Kaplan David L¹⁹^ORCID,Karambelkar Viraj³^ORCID,Kong Albert K H²⁰^ORCID,Kool Erik C⁵^ORCID,Lincetto Massimiliano⁴^ORCID,Mahabal Ashish A³²¹^ORCID,Masci Frank J¹⁸^ORCID,Medford Michael S¹³¹⁴^ORCID,Morgan Robert²²^ORCID,Nordin Jakob²^ORCID,Rodriguez Hector²³,Sharma Yashvi³^ORCID,van Santen Jakob¹^ORCID,van Velzen Sjoert²⁴^ORCID,Yan Lin²³^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) , Platanenallee 6, D-15378 Zeuthen , Germany

2. Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , D-12489 Berlin , Germany

3. Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125 , USA

4. Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , D-44780 Bochum , Germany

5. Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University , 10691 Stockholm , Sweden

6. Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742 , USA

7. Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Mail Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771 , USA

8. Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics , 85748 Garching bei München , Germany

9. Institute of Applied Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science , Beijing 100190 , China

10. Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics , Beijing 100084 , China

11. Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742 , USA

12. Department of Astronomy, DIRAC Institute, University of Washington , 3910 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98195 , USA

13. Department of Astronomy, University of California , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA

14. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 50B-4206, Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA

15. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455 , USA

16. MIT-Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA

17. Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Dr, Baltimore, MD 21218 , USA

18. IPAC, California Institute of Technology , 1200 E. California, CA 91125 , USA

19. Center for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee , Milwaukee, WI 53201 , USA

20. Institute of Astronomy, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan

21. Center for Data Driven Discovery, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125 , USA

22. Physics Department, University of Wisconsin–Madison , Madison, WI 53706 , USA

23. Caltech Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91125 , USA

24. Leiden Observatory, Leiden University , Postbus 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden , The Netherlands

Abstract

ABSTRACT The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) performs a systematic neutrino follow-up programme, searching for optical counterparts to high-energy neutrinos with dedicated Target-of-Opportunity (ToO) observations. Since first light in March 2018, ZTF has taken prompt observations for 24 high-quality neutrino alerts from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, with a median latency of 12.2 h from initial neutrino detection. From two of these campaigns, we have already reported tidal disruption event (TDE) AT 2019dsg and likely TDE AT 2019fdr as probable counterparts, suggesting that TDEs contribute >7.8 per cent of the astrophysical neutrino flux. We here present the full results of our programme through to December 2021. No additional candidate neutrino sources were identified by our programme, allowing us to place the first constraints on the underlying optical luminosity function of astrophysical neutrino sources. Transients with optical absolutes magnitudes brighter that −21 can contribute no more than 87 per cent of the total, while transients brighter than −22 can contribute no more than 58 per cent of the total, neglecting the effect of extinction and assuming they follow the star formation rate. These are the first observational constraints on the neutrino emission of bright populations such as superluminous supernovae. None of the neutrinos were coincident with bright optical AGN flares comparable to that observed for TXS 0506+056/IC170922A, with such optical blazar flares producing no more than 26 per cent of the total neutrino flux. We highlight the outlook for electromagnetic neutrino follow-up programmes, including the expected potential for the Rubin Observatory.

Funder

University of Potsdam

National Science Foundation

Weizmann Institute of Science

University of Maryland

University of Washington

Trinity College Dublin

University of Warwick

Northwestern University

California Institute of Technology

University of California

National Aeronautics and Space Administration