Kilonova Seekers: the GOTO project for real-time citizen science in time-domain astrophysics

Author:

Killestein T L12ORCID,Kelsey L3ORCID,Wickens E3,Nuttall L3,Lyman J2ORCID,Krawczyk C3ORCID,Ackley K2,Dyer M J4ORCID,Jiménez-Ibarra F5,Ulaczyk K2,O’Neill D2,Kumar A2,Steeghs D2ORCID,Galloway D K5,Dhillon V S46ORCID,O’Brien P7,Ramsay G8ORCID,Noysena K9,Kotak R1,Breton R P10ORCID,Pallé E611,Pollacco D2,Awiphan S9ORCID,Belkin S5ORCID,Chote P2,Clark P3,Coppejans D2,Duffy C8ORCID,Eyles-Ferris R6ORCID,Godson B2,Gompertz B12ORCID,Graur O313ORCID,Irawati P9,Jarvis D4,Julakanti Y7,Kennedy M R14ORCID,Kuncarayakti H1,Levan A15,Littlefair S4,Magee M2ORCID,Mandhai S16,Mata Sánchez D611,Mattila S117,McCormac J2,Mullaney J4,Munday J2,Patel M6ORCID,Pursiainen M2,Rana J611,Sawangwit U9,Stanway E2ORCID,Starling R7ORCID,Warwick B2,Wiersema K18

Affiliation:

1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku , Vesilinnantie 5, Turku FI-20014 , Finland

2. Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL , UK

3. Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth PO1 3FX , UK

4. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH , UK

5. School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University , Clayton VIC 3800 , Australia

6. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife , Spain

7. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road , Leicester LE1 7RH, UK

8. Armagh Observatory and Planetarium, College Hill , Armagh BT61 9DG, UK

9. National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand , 260 Moo 4, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai 50180 , Thailand

10. Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL , UK

11. Departamento de Astrofísica, Univ. de La Laguna , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife , Spain

12. School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK

13. Department of Astrophysics, American Museum of Natural History , Central Park West and 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192 , USA

14. School of Physics, Kane Building, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland

15. Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University , Postbus 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen , The Netherlands

16. Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, UK

17. School of Sciences, European University Cyprus , Diogenes street, Engomi, 1516 Nicosia , Cyprus

18. Centre for Astrophysics Research, University of Hertfordshire , College Lane, Hatfield AL10 9AB , UK

Abstract

ABSTRACT Time-domain astrophysics continues to grow rapidly, with the inception of new surveys drastically increasing data volumes. Democratized, distributed approaches to training sets for machine learning classifiers are crucial to make the most of this torrent of discovery – with citizen science approaches proving effective at meeting these requirements. In this paper, we describe the creation of and the initial results from the Kilonova Seekers citizen science project, built to find transient phenomena from the GOTO telescopes in near real-time. Kilonova Seekers launched in 2023 July and received over 600 000 classifications from approximately 2000 volunteers over the course of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA O4a observing run. During this time, the project has yielded 20 discoveries, generated a ‘gold-standard’ training set of 17 682 detections for augmenting deep-learned classifiers, and measured the performance and biases of Zooniverse volunteers on real-bogus classification. This project will continue throughout the lifetime of GOTO, pushing candidates at ever-greater cadence, and directly facilitate the next-generation classification algorithms currently in development.

Funder

Research Council of Finland

Science and Technology Facilities Council

UK Research and Innovation

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

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