The fraction of ionizing radiation from massive stars that escapes to the intergalactic medium

Author:

Tanvir N R1ORCID,Fynbo J P U2ORCID,de Ugarte Postigo A3,Japelj J4,Wiersema K51,Malesani D2,Perley D A6ORCID,Levan A J5,Selsing J2,Cenko S B78,Kann D A3,Milvang-Jensen B2,Berger E9,Cano Z3ORCID,Chornock R10,Covino S11ORCID,Cucchiara A12,D’Elia V1314,Gargiulo A15,Goldoni P16,Gomboc A17,Heintz K E218,Hjorth J2,Izzo L3ORCID,Jakobsson P18,Kaper L4,Krühler T19ORCID,Laskar T20,Myers M21,Piranomonte S13,Pugliese G4,Rossi A22,Sánchez-Ramírez R3ORCID,Schulze S23,Sparre M224ORCID,Stanway E R5ORCID,Tagliaferri G11,Thöne C C3,Vergani S25,Vreeswijk P M26,Wijers R A M J4ORCID,Watson D2,Xu D27

Affiliation:

1. Department of Physics & Astronomy and Leicester Institute of Space & Earth Observation, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK

2. Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

3. Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain

4. Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94249, NL-1090 GE Amsterdam, the Netherlands

5. Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

6. Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, IC2, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK

7. NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

8. Joint Space-Science Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

9. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

10. Astrophysical Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA

11. INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate, Italy

12. College of Science and Mathematics, University of the Virgin Islands, #2 Brewers Bay Road, Charlotte Amalie, USVI 00802

13. INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00040, I-00078, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy

14. ASI-Science Data Centre, Via del Politecnico, snc, I-00133 Rome, Italy

15. INAF-IASF Milano, Via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy

16. APC, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 10, Rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France

17. Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia

18. Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland

19. Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse, D-85748 Garching, Germany

20. Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK

21. Department of Astronomy, University of California, 501 Campbell Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USA

22. Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale E Fisica Cosmica di Bologna Area della Ricerca, via Piero Gobetti, 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy

23. Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel

24. Heidelberger Institut für Theoretische Studien, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, D-69118 Heidelberg, Germany

25. GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, France

26. Department of Astrophysics, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands

27. CAS Key Laboratory of Space Astronomy and Technology, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China

Funder

Nurses Organization of Veterans Affairs

Science and Technology Facilities Council

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

National Science Foundation

European Research Council

Horizon 2020

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Space and Planetary Science,Astronomy and Astrophysics

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