The characteristic momentum of radiatively cooling energy-driven galactic winds

Abstract

ABSTRACT Energy injection by supernovae may drive hot supersonic galactic winds in rapidly star-forming galaxies, driving metal-enriched gas into the circumgalactic medium and potentially accelerating cool gas. If sufficiently mass-loaded, such flows become radiative within the wind-driving region, reducing the overall mass outflow rate from the host galaxy. We show that this sets a maximum on the total outflow momentum for hot energy-driven winds. For a spherical wind of Solar metallicity driven by continuous star formation, $\dot{p}_\mathrm{max} \simeq 1.9\times 10^4\ M_\odot \ \mathrm{yr}^{-1}\ \mathrm{km\ s}^{-1}(\alpha /0.9)^{0.86}\left[R_\star /(300\ \mathrm{pc})\right]^{0.14}[\dot{M}_\star /(20\ M_\odot \ \mathrm{yr}^{-1})]^{0.86},$ where α is the fraction of supernova energy that thermalizes the wind, and $\dot{M}_\star$ and R⋆ are the star formation rate and radius of the wind-driving region. This maximum momentum for hot winds can also apply to cool, ionized outflows that are typically observed in starburst galaxies, if the hot wind undergoes bulk radiative cooling or if the hot wind transfers mass and momentum to cool clouds within the flow. We show that requiring the hot wind to undergo single-phase cooling on large scales sets a minimum on the total outflow momentum rate. These maximum and minimum outflow momenta have similar values, setting a characteristic momentum rate of hot galactic winds that can become radiative on large scales. We find that most observations of photoionized outflow wind momentum fall below the theoretical maximum and thus may be signatures of cooling hot flows. On the other hand, many systems fall below the minimum momentum required for bulk cooling, indicating that perhaps the cool material observed has instead been entrained in or mixed with the hot flow.