Proper motion measurements for stars up to 100 kpc with Subaru HSC and SDSS Stripe 82

Abstract

ABSTRACT We present proper motion measurements for more than 0.55 million main-sequence stars, by comparing astrometric positions of matched stars between the multiband imaging data sets from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Stripe 82. In doing this, we use 3 million galaxies to recalibrate the astrometry and set up a common reference frame between the two catalogues. The exquisite depth and the nearly 12 yr of time baseline between HSC and SDSS enable high-precision measurements of statistical proper motions for stars down to i ≃ 24. A validation of our method is demonstrated by the agreement with the Gaia proper motions, to the precision better than 0.1 mas yr−1. To retain the precision, we make a correction of the subtle effects due to the differential chromatic refraction in the SDSS images based on the comparison with the Gaia proper motions against colour of stars, which is validated using the SDSS spectroscopic quasars. Combining with the photometric distance estimates for individual stars based on the precise HSC photometry, we show a significant detection of the net proper motions for stars in each bin of distance out to 100 kpc. The two-component tangential velocities after subtracting the apparent motions due to our own motion display rich phase-space structures including a clear signature of the Sagittarius stream in the halo region of distance range [10, 35] kpc. We also measure the tangential velocity dispersion in the distance range 5–20 kpc and find that the data are consistent with a constant isotropic dispersion of 80 ± 10 km s−1. More distant stars appear to have random motions with respect to the Galactic Centre on average.