Milliarcsecond core size dependence of the radio variability of blazars

Abstract

ABSTRACT Studying the long-term radio variability (time-scales of months to years) of blazars enables us to gain a better understanding of the physical structure of these objects on subparsec scales, and the physics of supermassive black holes. In this study, we focus on the radio variability of 1157 blazars observed at 15 GHz through the Owens Valley Radio Observatory Blazar Monitoring Program. We investigate the dependence of the variability amplitudes and time-scales, characterized based on model fitting to the structure functions, on the milliarcsecond core sizes measured by Very Long Baseline Interferometry. We find that the most compact sources at milliarcsecond scales exhibit larger variability amplitudes and shorter variability time-scales than more extended sources. Additionally, for sources with measured redshifts and Doppler boosting factors, the correlation between linear core sizes against variability amplitudes and intrinsic time-scales is also significant. The observed relationship between variability time-scales and core sizes is expected, based on light travel-time arguments. This variability versus core size relation extends beyond the core sizes measured at 15 GHz; we see significant correlation between the 15 GHz variability amplitudes (as well as time-scales) and core sizes measured at other frequencies, which can be attributed to a frequency–source size relationship arising from the intrinsic jet structure. At low frequencies of 1 GHz where the core sizes are dominated by interstellar scattering, we find that the variability amplitudes have significant correlation with the 1 GHz intrinsic core angular sizes, once the scatter broadening effects are deconvoluted from the intrinsic core sizes.