Diminished Returns of Higher Parental Education on Cognition for Black Adults in Middle and Later Life

Abstract

Abstract Objectives Mounting evidence suggests that the protective effects of one’s own higher socioeconomic status (SES) on health is diminished among minoritized racial/ethnic groups in the United States. This study extends this area of research to childhood SES and cognition in middle and later life, focusing on the protective effects of higher parental education among non-Hispanic Black and White adults. Method Harmonizing data from individuals ages 50 and older across the Health and Retirement Study, the Study of Midlife in the United States, and the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project, we examine whether associations between parental education and two measures of cognition (episodic memory and global cognition) are moderated by racialized identity (non-Hispanic White or Black) using a random-effects individual participant data meta-analysis approach. Results Findings indicated a small, but robust, protective effect of higher parental education on both episodic memory and global cognition among adults identified as White. Among adults identified as Black, there was no association between parental education and either cognitive outcome. Discussion This study provides evidence that the protective effect of higher parental education on cognition is not the same across racialized populations, consistent with the theory of Minority Diminished Returns. As scholars continue calls for life course-oriented efforts to reduce racialized cognitive disparities, it is important to consider early-life risk and protective factors in the context of racism.