Prospective Effects of Discrimination, Depressive Symptoms, and Cognitive Control Among Mexican-Origin Women

Author:

Muñoz Elizabeth1ORCID,Yan Jinjin1ORCID,Tse Hin Wing1ORCID,Zavala Daisy2ORCID,López Belem G3ORCID,Kim Su Yeong1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas , USA

2. Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York , USA

3. National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Abstract

Abstract Objectives Cognitive control predicts functional independence and cognitive health outcomes, but is yet to be known the extent to which social stress, like discrimination, may diminish cognitive control capacities in Mexican-origin women. We evaluated the prospective associations between everyday and ethnic discrimination on cognitive control and examined the mediating effects of depressive symptoms on these links. We further examined the extent to which associations varied by age and financial strain. Methods We used data from 596 Mexican-origin women (average age = 38.89, standard deviation = 5.74) who participated in a 3-wave longitudinal study spanning 8 years (from 2012 to 2020). Participants completed measures of everyday and ethnic discrimination at Wave 1, depressive symptoms in Waves 1 and 2, and completed computer-based tasks of cognitive control at Wave 3. Self-reported assessments of financial strain were completed at Wave 2. Moderated mediation structural equation models were implemented to test hypotheses. Results Depressive symptoms significantly mediated the prospective association between everyday/ethnic discrimination to cognitive control. Higher levels of everyday and ethnic discrimination at baseline were associated with more depressive symptoms at Wave 2, which were then related to poorer cognitive control (i.e., longer reaction time in congruent and/or incongruent trials) at Wave 3. There was no significant moderation of age. Among those with low financial strain, higher levels of everyday discrimination were related to faster response times. Discussion Results revealed the long-term consequences of experiences with discrimination on cognitive control that operate through increased depressive symptoms and that may have some subtle differential effects across levels of financial strain.

Funder

National Science Foundation

National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

Spencer Foundation

Hogg Foundation for Mental Health

Office of the Vice President for Research and Creative Grant and Special Research Grant

College of Natural Sciences Catalyst

National Institute on Aging

University of Texas at Austin

State University of New York

Stony Brook University

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Geriatrics and Gerontology,Gerontology,Clinical Psychology,Social Psychology

Reference51 articles.

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2. Perceived discrimination and cognition in older African Americans;Barnes;Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society,2012

3. Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: Evidence from the dimensional change card sort task;Bialystok;Developmental Science,2004

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