Alterations of the Oral Microbiome and Cumulative Carbapenem Exposure Are Associated With Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Infection in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia Receiving Chemotherapy

Abstract

Abstract Background Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is increasingly common in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Little is known about factors that drive S. maltophilia infection. We evaluated the microbiome and cumulative antibiotic use as predictors of S. maltophilia infection in AML patients receiving remission induction chemotherapy (RIC). Methods Subanalysis of a prospective, observational cohort of patients with AML receiving RIC between September 2013 and August 2015 was performed. Fecal and oral microbiome samples collected from initiation of RIC until neutrophil recovery were assessed for the relative abundance of Stenotrophomonas via 16S rRNA gene quantitation. The primary outcome, microbiologically proven S. maltophilia infection, was analyzed using a time-varying Cox proportional hazards model. Results Of 90 included patients, 8 (9%) developed S. maltophilia infection (pneumonia, n = 6; skin–soft tissue, n = 2); 4/8 (50%) patients were bacteremic; and 7/8 (88%) patients with S. maltophilia infection had detectable levels of Stenotrophomonas vs 22/82 (27%) without infection (P < .01). An oral Stenotrophomonas relative abundance of 36% predicted infection (sensitivity, 96%; specificity, 93%). No association of S. maltophilia infection with fecal relative abundance was found. Cumulative meropenem exposure was associated with increased infection risk (hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.35; P = .03). Conclusions Here, we identify the oral microbiome as a potential source for S. maltophilia infection and highlight cumulative carbapenem use as a risk factor for S. maltophilia in leukemia patients. These data suggest that real-time monitoring of the oral cavity might identify patients at risk for S. maltophilia infection.