Affiliation:
1. Forensic Laboratory Division, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 1 Newhall Street, San Francisco, CA 94124, USA
2. John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, 524 West 59th Street, New York, NY 10019, USA
3. Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
Abstract
Abstract
Driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases continue to challenge forensic toxicologists as both the volume and complexity of casework increases. Comprehensive DUID testing should also meet the drafted Academy Standards Board (ASB)/ American National Standard Institute (ANSI) standard and the National Safety Council’s Alcohol, Drugs and Impairment Division (NSC-ADID) recommendations. A simple method using protein precipitation followed by filtration extraction with an 8 minute run time by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed, and a comprehensive ASB/ANSI validation was performed. Target drugs and metabolites were quantitatively assessed in blood and qualitatively assessed in urine. Included were 127 target analytes including cannabinoids (12), amphetamines (11), cocaine and metabolites (6), benzodiazepines (36), Z-drugs (5), opioids (27), anticonvulsants (3), first-generation antihistamines (6), muscle relaxants (2), dissociatives and hallucinogens (6), barbiturates (10), and miscellaneous substances (3). Limits of detection are appropriate for DUID and other forensic casework such as drug-facilitated crime (DFC) and postmortem investigations. To demonstrate applicability, 78 proficiency test blood and urine samples and 1,645 blood and urine samples from authentic cases samples demonstrated effective detection of target analytes in forensic casework. By increasing the analytical scope of multiple drug classes via a single method, this technique detects drugs that may have previously gone undetected, such as flualprazolam, etizolam, mitragynine, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and psilocin and improves laboratory efficiency by reducing the number of tests required. The described method is, to the authors’ best knowledge, the only published single procedure to meet all drugs listed in the drafted ASB/ANSI standard and recommended Tier 1 and traditional drugs from Tier 2 for DUID screening, while also achieving many drug scope and sensitivity recommendations for DFC and postmortem testing.
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Subject
Chemical Health and Safety,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis,Toxicology,Environmental Chemistry,Analytical Chemistry
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