A Single Dose of BNT162b2 Messenger RNA Vaccine Induces Airway Immunity in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Naive and Recovered Coronavirus Disease 2019 Subjects

Author:

Martinuzzi Emanuela1,Benzaquen Jonathan23,Guerin Olivier4,Leroy Sylvie12,Simon Thomas1,Ilie Marius35,Hofman Véronique35,Allegra Maryline5,Tanga Virginie5,Michel Emeline4,Boutros Jacques2,Maniel Charlotte2,Sicard Antoine6,Glaichenhaus Nicolas16,Czerkinsky Cecil1,Blancou Philippe1,Hofman Paul35,Marquette Charles H23

Affiliation:

1. Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Valbonne , France

2. Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, FHU OncoAge , Nice , France

3. Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging , Nice , France

4. Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Réhabilitation Autonomie Vieillissement , Nice , France

5. Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology , Biobank (BB-0033-00025), FHU OncoAge, Centre Nice , France

6. University Côte d’Azur, Clinical Research Unit Côte d’Azur , Nice , France

Abstract

Abstract Background Mucosal antibodies can prevent virus entry and replication in mucosal epithelial cells and therefore virus shedding. Parenteral booster injection of a vaccine against a mucosal pathogen promotes stronger mucosal immune responses following prior mucosal infection compared with injections of a parenteral vaccine in a mucosally naive subject. We investigated whether this was also the case for the BNT162b2 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger RNA vaccine. Methods Twenty recovered COVID-19 subjects (RCSs) and 23 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–naive subjects were vaccinated with, respectively, 1 and 2 doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine. Nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) and plasma were collected before and after vaccination and assessed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody levels to Spike and for their ability to neutralize binding of Spike to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor. Blood was analyzed 1 week after vaccination for the number of Spike-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) with a mucosal tropism. Results All RCSs had both nasal and blood SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies at least 90 days after initial diagnosis. In RCSs, a single dose of vaccine amplified preexisting Spike-specific IgG and IgA antibody responses in both NELF and blood against both vaccine homologous and variant strains, including Delta. These responses were associated with Spike-specific IgG and IgA ASCs with a mucosal tropism in blood. Nasal IgA and IgG antibody responses were lower in magnitude in SARS-CoV-2–naive subjects after 2 vaccine doses compared with RCSs after 1 dose. Conclusions Mucosal immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is higher in RCSs after a single vaccine dose compared with SARS-CoV-2–naive subjects after 2 doses.

Funder

Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Subject

Infectious Diseases,Microbiology (medical)

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