Prevalence, Clinical Features, and Predictors of Adrenal Insufficiency in Adults With Tuberculosis or HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

Abstract Background Despite the high frequency of adrenal insufficiency (AI) in patients with tuberculosis or HIV, its diagnosis is often missed or delayed resulting in increased mortality. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to document the prevalence, significant clinical features, and predictors of AI in adult patients with tuberculosis or HIV. Methods We systematically searched databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Africa Journal Online) for published studies on AI in adult patients with tuberculosis or HIV. The pooled prevalence of AI was determined by a random-effect model meta-analysis. A narrative review was used to describe the significant clinical features and predictors of AI in adult patients with tuberculosis or HIV. Results A total of 46 studies involving 4044 adults were included: 1599 with tuberculosis and 2445 with HIV. The pooled prevalence of AI was 33% (95% CI, 22%–45%; I2 = 97.7%, P < .001) in participants with tuberculosis and 28% (95% CI, 18%–38%; I2 = 98.9%, P < .001) in those with HIV. Presentation with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, abdominal pain, salt craving, myalgia, increased severity and duration of tuberculosis disease, and the absence of nausea predicted AI in participants with tuberculosis in 4 studies. Cytomegalovirus antigenemia positivity, rifampicin therapy, and eosinophilia >3% predicted AI in participants with HIV in 2 studies. Conclusions AI is relatively common in adults with tuberculosis or HIV. Its timely screening, diagnosis, and management in patients with these 2 conditions should be encouraged to avert mortality.