Circulation of Non-falciparum Species in Niger: Implications for Malaria Diagnosis

Author:

Garba Mamane N1ORCID,M. Moustapha Lamine2ORCID,Sow Djiby1ORCID,Karimoun Aichatou3,Issa Ibrahima4,Sanoussi Mamane K5ORCID,Diallo Mamadou A1ORCID,Doutchi Mahamadou6ORCID,Diongue Khadim1ORCID,Ibrahim Maman L4ORCID,Ndiaye Daouda1ORCID,Badiane Aida S1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Centre International de Recherche et de Formation en Génomique Appliquée et de Surveillance Sanitaire, Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d’Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar , Sénégal

2. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université André Salifou de Zinder , Niger

3. Hôpital de District de Zinder, District Sanitaire de Zinder , Niger

4. Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire de Niamey , Niger

5. Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme/National Malaria Control Programme , Niamey , Niger

6. Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université André Salifou de Zinder , Niger

Abstract

Abstract Background Niger's National Malaria Control Programme and its partners use histidine-rich protein 2–based RDTs, which are specific to Plasmodium falciparum diagnosis. This study aimed to screen for the circulation of non-falciparum species in Zinder, a region of Niger, West Africa. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out from July to December 2022 at the district hospital of the Zinder region of Niger. P falciparum histidine-rich protein 2–based rapid diagnostic tests were performed, and dried blood spot samples were collected for further laboratory multiplexed photo-induced electron transfer–polymerase chain reaction (PET-PCR) analysis on positive light microscopy from all patients with fever who attended the Zinder district hospital during the study period. Results In total, 340 dried blood spots were collected and analyzed by PET-PCR. Overall, 73.2% (95% CI, 68.2%–77.9%; 249/340) were positive for Plasmodium genus and species and represented the study population. Plasmodium species proportions were 89.5% (95% CI, 85.1%–93.1%; 223/249) for P falciparum, 38.5% (95% CI, 32.5%–44.9%; 96/249) for P malariae, 10.8% (95% CI, 7.3%–15.4%; 27/249) for P vivax, and 1.6% (95% CI, .4%–4.1%; 4/249) for P ovale. Single infection with Plasmodium species counted for 61.8% (95% CI, 55.5%–67.9%; 154/249), and the mixed infections rate, with at least 2 Plasmodium species, was 38.1% (95% CI, 32.1%–44.5%; 95/249). Single non-falciparum infections represented a rate of 10.0% (95% CI, 6.6%–14.5%; 25/249). Conclusion This study confirms the first evidence of Plasmodium vivax by PET-PCR in Niger in addition to the other 3 Plasmodium species. These findings underline the need to adapt malaria diagnostic tools and therapeutic management, as well as the training of microscopists, for recognition of non-falciparum plasmodial species circulating in the country. This will better inform the strategies toward malaria control and elimination, as well as the decision making of the health authorities of Niger.

Publisher

Oxford University Press (OUP)

Reference40 articles.

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