Prevalence of Cryptococcal Antigen and Outcomes in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Honduras: A Cohort Study

Abstract

Abstract Background Cryptococcal meningitis is a major cause of death among people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). Cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) testing of asymptomatic patients is an important public health measure to reduce mortality in high-incidence areas. However, limited data exist on CrAg prevalence in Central America. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study at the 2 largest human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinics and hospitals in Honduras. Cryptococcal antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid was performed in individuals with HIV who had CD4 ≤100 cells/mm3 between 2017 and 2018. After CrAg testing, individuals were observed for 12 months to assess mortality using adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. Results A total of 220 PWH were tested for CrAg, 12.7% (n = 28) of which tested positive. Cryptococcal antigen prevalence was higher among hospitalized individuals in 40% (n = 10 of 25) of the cases. The proportion (35.8%) of individuals taking antiretroviral therapy was significantly (P < .01) lower among those who tested positive for CrAg. Overall mortality among the cohort was 11.4% (n = 25 of 220) by 12 months. Cryptococcal antigen-positive cases were at a significantly higher risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.07–6.84) compared with CrAg-negative participants. Conclusions Cryptococcal antigen prevalence in Honduras was high among PWH. Moreover, individuals who tested positive for CrAg testing were at a higher risk of death. Systemic CrAg of PWH with a CD4 ≤100 cells/mm3 should be routinely performed in Central America.