1. Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
2. Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
3. Formerly Department of Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
4. Department of Hospital Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA