Pleasure despite pain: Associations between experiences of vulvar pleasure, vulvar pain, and sexual function in patients with chronic vulvar pain conditions

Abstract

Abstract Background Chronic pain can occur in the vulva, one of the primary pleasure centers of the body; however, the associations between pleasurable vulvar experiences and chronic vulvar pain have not yet been explored. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate associations between vulvar pleasure and pain experiences in patients with chronic vulvar pain. Methods This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 547 patients (aged ≥17 years) presenting over 10 months to 2 urban outpatient gynecology clinics specializing in vulvar pain. Prior to the initial evaluation, patients completed online validated questionnaires of pain-related anxiety, pain catastrophizing, and sexual functioning, as well as a researcher-developed questionnaire evaluating vulvar pleasure. Patients were divided into groups based on their pleasure and pain experiences. Between-group analyses consisting of t-tests, analyses of variance, and multivariate analyses of variance were conducted. Outcomes Outcomes consisted of total and subscale scores on the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Female Sexual Function Index, and a researcher-developed vulvar pleasure questionnaire. Results More than 70% of patients with chronic vulvar pain had experienced vulvar pleasure since the onset of their vulvar pain, with the clitoris as the most common source of pleasure. Average vulvar pleasure intensity was rated 7 (0, no pleasure; 10, extremely pleasurable). Masturbation ranked higher in pleasurable activities than vulvar stimulation by a partner or penetrative intercourse and was the most likely activity to lead to orgasm. When compared with patients who had not experienced vulvar pleasure since the onset of their vulvar pain, patients experiencing both pain and pleasure scored lower on the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20 total (P = .026) and fear subscale (P = .016), lower on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale total (P = .002) and all subscales (P = .008-.018), and higher on the Female Sexual Function Index total and all subscales (all P ≤ .001). Clinical Implications Incorporating strategies for cultivating vulvar pleasure in patients with chronic vulvar pain may be useful in comprehensive management approaches. Strengths and Limitations Strengths of this study include the novel examination of vulvar pleasure in a population with chronic vulvar pain and a large sample size. Limitations include the lack of a nonclinical comparator group and reliance on patient self-report. Conclusion Results suggest that greater vulvar pleasure is associated with lower pain-related anxiety, lower pain catastrophizing, and higher sexual functioning in patients with chronic vulvar pain conditions.