The standardized ileal digestible lysine-to-net energy ratio in the diets of sows to optimize milk nitrogen retention is dynamic during lactation

Abstract

Abstract Fifty-two multiparous sows (average parity 3.1 ± 0.9 and initial BW 245.6 ± 32.5 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys-to-net energy (NE) ratios on nitrogen (N) utilization throughout a 24-d lactation period. Sows were randomly assigned to one of five isoenergetic feeding programs that provided equally spaced and increasing SID Lys-to-NE ratios between 2.79 and 5.50 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. The feeding programs were generated by blending the two extreme diets in varying proportions and were provided to sows immediately after farrowing (day 1) and until weaning at day 24 ± 1. Nitrogen balances were conducted between days 4 and 7, 12 and 15, and 20 and 23 ± 1 of lactation to represent weeks 1, 2, and 3, respectively, using total urine collection and fecal grab sampling. Contrast statements were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing Lys-to-NE ratios. Linear and quadratic broken-line and polynomial quadratic (QPM) models were used to determine the optimum dietary Lys-to-NE ratios for N retention in milk. The Bayesian information criterion was used to assess the best fit. Feeding program did not influence sow average daily feed intake (5.8 ± 0.1 kg), BW change (−8.2 ± 3.1 kg), or change in back fat thickness (−2.6 ± 0.7 mm) over the 24-d lactation period, but piglet average daily gain increased with dietary SID Lys-to-NE ratio (linear; P < 0.05). Sow N intake increased with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in weeks 2 and 3 (linear; P < 0.001). Whole-body N retention (N intake − N output in urine and feces) increased with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in all weeks (linear; P < 0.05). The N retention in milk tended to increase then decrease with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in weeks 1 and 2 (quadratic; P = 0.051 and P = 0.081) and the QPM showed optimal milk N retention at 4.28, 4.42, and 4.67 g Lys/Mcal NE for weeks 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Maternal N retention (N intake − N output in urine, feces, and milk) decreased and then increased in week 1 (quadratic; P < 0.01) and increased in weeks 2 and 3 (linear; P < 0.01) with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio. Therefore, the SID Lys-to-NE ratio necessary to optimize milk N output is dynamic throughout lactation. A two-diet feeding program could be created to match optimal weekly or daily SID Lys-to-NE ratios, which could lead to improved piglet ADG and body weights at weaning.