Effects of bacterial direct-fed microbial combinations on beef cattle growth performance, feeding behavior, nutrient digestibility, ruminal morphology, and carcass characteristics

Abstract

Abstract The effects of the dietary inclusion of a mixture of bacterial direct-fed microbial (DFM) on feedlot beef cattle growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, feeding behavior, and ruminal papillae morphology were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus steers (n = 192; initial body weight (BW) = 409 kg ± 8 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned into 48 pens (4 steers/pen and 16 pens/treatment) following a randomized complete block design. A steam-flaked corn-based fishing diet was offered to ad libitum intake once daily for 153 d containing the following treatments: (1) Control (no DFM, lactose carrier only); (2) treat-A (Lactobacillus animalis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus licheniformis), at 1:1:1:3 ratio, respectively; totaling 6 × 109 CFU (50 mg)/animal-daily minimum; and (3) treat-B, the same DFM combination, but with doses at 1:1:3:1 ratio. Bacterial counts were ~30% greater than the minimum expected. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with pen as the experimental unit, the fixed effect of treatment, and the random effect of BW-block, while preplanned contrasts comparing Control × treat-A or treat-B were used. Steers offered treat-A had increased carcass-adjusted average daily gain (P = 0.03) by 6.7%, gain efficiency (P < 0.01) by 6%, tended (P = 0.07) to have increased carcass-adjusted final BW by 15 kg, and hot carcass weight (P = 0.07) by 10 kg, while treat-B did not differ (P ≥ 0.17) from control. Overall dry matter (DM) intake (P = 0.36) and other carcass traits (P ≥ 0.13) were not affected by treatments. Steers offered treat-A tended to have increased digestibility of DM (P = 0.07) by 3%, neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.10), and hemicellulose (P = 0.08) by 9% compared with control, while treat-B did not differ (P ≥ 0.10) from control. No treatment × period interactions (P ≥ 0.21) or main effects of treatment (P ≥ 0.12) were observed during 24-h feeding behavior. Steers ruminated, ate, chewed, and were more active (P ≤ 0.01) during the second behavioral assessment (day 113), while drinking behavior was not affected (P ≥ 0.88). Ruminal papillae morphology and ruminal ammonia concentration (ruminal fluid collected at slaughter facility) were not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.39). Steers offered the DFM treat-A had improved growth performance and it positively affected carcass weight and nutrient digestion. The DFM combinations did not seem to affect feedlot cattle feeding behavior or ruminal papillae morphology.