Conclusion

Abstract

Abstract The conclusion explores the four crises examined in comparison to each other, the possibilities for future crises to generate deeper financial integration, and the application of the theoretical framework to crises outside of finance within the European Union and to crises in federations and strong regional associations outside of the European Union. Comparing the four crises highlights the importance of severity when controlling for crisis origin, the importance of origin when controlling for severity, and the importance of the shift to emergency policymaking in a crisis generally. The utility of this framework to explain the impact of integration on other sectors is discussed in the context of immigration policy, energy policy, and foreign and security policy within the European Union, as well as the implications for study of federations such as the United States and Canada, and of regional associations such as ASEAN or the African Union.