The aim of vaccination is to prevent or limit the risk of pathogen infections for individual hosts but large vaccination coverage often has dramatic epidemiological consequences at the scale of the whole host population. This massive perturbation of the ecology and transmission of the pathogen can also have important evolutionary effects. In particular, vaccine-driven evolution may lead to the spread of new pathogen variants that may erode the benefits of vaccination. This chapter presents a theoretical framework for modelling the short- and long-term epidemiological and evolutionary consequences of vaccination. This framework can be used to make quantitative predictions about the speed of such evolutionary processes. This work helps identify the relevant phenotypic traits that need to be measured in specific parasite populations in order to evaluate the potential evolutionary consequences of vaccination. In particular, this may help in the debate regarding the involvement of evolution in the re-emergence of pertussis in spite of the high coverage of vaccination.