The Development of Subjective Group Dynamics

Abstract

Abstract The literature on social inclusion and exclusion indicates that social inclusion and exclusion phenomena occur on multiple levels (see Abrams, Hogg, & Marques, 2005). At the societal level entire cultural or ethnic groups may be accorded or denied opportunities or resources because of their geographical, economic, or political position. At the institutional level, employment policies and other practices operate selective criteria that include some groups and individuals but create barriers to others. At the intergroup level competition and conflict may occur, which means that some groups dominate others and deny resources or recognition to out-group members but accord special treatment to in-group members. At an interindividual level people may target particular individuals for criticism, vilification, or abuse, perhaps because of some stigma. Others may be lauded as icons for their special qualities or achievements. At the intraindividual level people may be included or excluded from the self concept, and this will have implications for our automatic associations and responses to that person.