This chapter covers mental disorders during war and its aftermath. It addresses causative and contributing factors. It describes various types of mental disorders, with a focus on posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. It discusses civilian populations at high risk, including displaced people, women, and children. Finally, it describes multiple ways of addressing mental disorders, recognizing the importance of providing mental health services that value the cultural and religious practices of those affected. It describes the need for training community health workers and the importance of reintegrating displaced people, reunifying families, and providing educational and employment opportunities after war has ended.