Bow-and-arrow technology is arguably one of the key inventions in the human story. This chapter explores how some of the associated techno-behaviors helped shape the human mind, contributing to humans becoming masters of flexible thinking. Such cognitive plasticity is represented in our ability to learn, teach, innovate, and respond flexibly to new or complex situations. Evidence for bow hunting has been pushed back to more than 60,000 years ago in southern Africa, with some suggesting an even older age. The chapter also touches on potential neurological underpinnings for understanding the cognition of archery. It is suggested that by exploring the techno-behaviors and cognition associated with Stone Age bow hunting and neurological studies conducted in the context of modern archery, we can add to our understanding of the evolution of the sapient mind.