For many wildlife disease situations, it can be near impossible to eradicate the pathogen on anything other than a local scale. This can be due to a number of causes, including the lack of necessary epidemiological information, or, even if the information is available, a lack of resources or access to the animals. In these cases an alternative epidemiological goal is to reduce the harm caused by the pathogen, in part by reducing the transmission and intensity of infection. Transmission can be attenuated through environmental manipulations or culling. The latter approach, while often utilized, is often not as effective as expected and careful consideration is needed before using it. Host resistance and tolerance can be improved by reducing other stressors on the population, for example, via food supplementation. Vaccination, even if administered at levels insufficient to eliminate a disease, can help the host population persist in the face of infection. Lastly, more rarely used approaches include the use of probiotics and genetic management of either the host or vector populations.